Research, in context.
Read the evidence behind the articles. Each source is linked to the statements it supports, with a clear account of what it cannot establish.
742 sources · 767 in-depth guides
Original research & official guidanceNo matching source.
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Rozen and Soffer-Dudek (2018): Dreams of Teeth Falling Out: An Empirical Investigation of Physiological and Psychological Correlates
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Teeth guide
Preliminary self-report association with morning dental tension; not a causal or diagnostic test. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01812.
In the Dentists guide
Student self-reports about teeth dreams, not dental-appointment symbolism.
In the Mouth guide
Cross-sectional dental self-reports.
NIDCR — Bruxism
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Teeth guide
Official information about bruxism symptoms and clinical assessment; does not interpret dreams.
In the Teeth grinding during sleep guide
Complete official page read; reviewed March 2025. Signs, assessment and possible contributors.
Dreaming of a Learning Task is Associated with Enhanced Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Teeth guide
Task-related dream fragments in a laboratory study; not an investigation of teeth dreams. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.027.
In the Flying guide
Related dream fragments after learning; indirect context only. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.027.
In the Dogs guide
Maze-task experiment with fragmentary related reports; general memory evidence, not a dog study.
In the Horses guide
General experimental evidence for fragmentary task-related reports; does not test riding skills or horse dreams.
In the Mountains guide
Specific maze-learning association with a small explicit-dream subgroup; no mountain symbolism or proof of dream causation.
In the Trains guide
Specific maze-learning association; no railway meaning or causal proof.
In the Learning, memory and dreaming guide
Indexed original results and discussion, including the baseline-adjusted verbal-report comparison; not a new complete-paper reading.
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research: TMD (Temporomandibular Disorders)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Teeth guide
Jaw pain can have different causes and requires assessment rather than dream-based diagnosis.
Morewedge & Norton (2009): When dreaming is believing: The (motivated) interpretation of dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Teeth guide
Existing beliefs influenced attributed meaning in six studies. DOI: 10.1037/a0013264.
In the House guide
Experiments on motivated interpretation and subsequent judgements, not evidence that dream scenarios reveal external facts.
In the Being arrested guide
Dream interpretation influences judgement; the experiments do not establish prediction.
In the Discovering a secret guide
Meaning attribution; not truth verification.
In the Messages guide
Judgment studies, not message verification.
In the Numbers guide
Original judgment studies; no numerology validation.
In the Power failure guide
Beliefs and dream judgments.
In the Shooting stars guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Tsunamis guide
Interpretation and judgement.
Royal Papworth Hospital: Nighttime behaviour
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Falling guide
Sleep-start timing, accompanying sensations, and the importance of describing physical night-time events.
In the Unable to run guide
Assessment of actual movements, timing and recollection; a dream story alone does not establish physical behaviour during sleep.
In the Dream enactment and RBD guide
Hospital information about assessing different kinds of nighttime behaviour.
In the Sleep talking: words, sounds and remembered dreams guide
Clinical assessment guidance.
In the When to discuss dreams with a clinician guide
Clinical assessment guidance.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: Myoclonus
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Falling guide
Physiological sleep starts and the broader meaning of myoclonus; not a diagnosis of a remembered fall.
NICHD (2019): What happens during sleep?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Falling guide
Dreams can occur in REM and non-REM sleep.
Night terrors and nightmares — NHS
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Falling guide
Official nightmare guidance.
In the Being chased guide
Official nightmare guidance.
In the Snakes guide
Official nightmare guidance.
In the House guide
Official nightmare guidance.
In the Someone you miss guide
Official nightmare guidance.
In the Recurring dreams guide
Official nightmare guidance.
In the Dogs guide
Official guidance on recurring nightmares affecting sleep and daily life; no animal-specific diagnosis or interpretation.
In the Cats guide
Official guidance on recurring nightmares affecting sleep and daily life; no animal-specific diagnosis or interpretation.
In the Spiders guide
Official advice to seek help for regular nightmares affecting sleep and daily life.
In the Insects guide
Official guidance on nightmares that affect sleep and daily functioning.
In the Drowning guide
Official advice on support when regular nightmares affect sleep and everyday functioning.
In the Storms guide
Official guidance based on sleep disruption and everyday impact.
In the Death guide
When repeated nightmares affect sleep and daily life, seek clinical advice about those effects.
In the Nightmares guide
Distinguishing experiences and seeking help for persistent sleep and daytime impact.
In the Floods guide
Official advice about disruptive nightmares and seeking support.
In the Abandoned places guide
When regular nightmares affect sleep or everyday life.
In the Avalanches guide
When regular nightmares affect sleep or everyday life.
In the Alarms guide
Official support threshold for disruptive nightmares.
In the Being arrested guide
Seek care for regular nightmares affecting sleep and everyday life.
In the Being attacked guide
Care is appropriate for regular nightmares affecting sleep and everyday life.
In the Being buried guide
Help for recurring nightmares disrupting daily life.
In the Being trapped guide
Consultation when regular nightmares disrupt sleep and daily life.
In the Cliffs guide
Support threshold.
In the Collapsing buildings guide
Support threshold.
In the Dream loops guide
Sleep impact.
In the Darkness guide
Sleep impact.
In the Drought guide
Sleep impact.
In the Earthquakes guide
Sleep impact.
In the End of the world guide
Seek help for regular nightmares affecting sleep and daily life; dream content alone is not a diagnosis.
In the Fear guide
Consultation based on functional impact.
In the Elevator guide
Support threshold.
In the Hiding guide
Consultation based on actual disruption.
In the Illness guide
Support for disruptive nightmares.
In the Monsters guide
Support threshold.
In the Plane crashes guide
Support threshold.
In the Rescuing someone guide
Support threshold.
In the Soldiers guide
Persistent nightmare disruption guidance.
In the Sinking ships guide
Support threshold.
In the Zombies guide
Support threshold.
In the Nightmares, night terrors and sleep paralysis guide
Official distinction, not diagnostic scoring.
In the Dreams in childhood and adolescence guide
UK public guidance distinguishes nightmares and night terrors and signposts frequent nightmares.
In the When to discuss dreams with a clinician guide
Current guidance on repeated nightmares and seeking advice.
Schredl (2011). Frequency and nature of flying dreams in a long dream series.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Flying guide
Detailed descriptions from one person's dream diary; limited generalizability.
In the Airplanes guide
One diary distinguished aircraft travel from unaided flying.
Picard-Deland and colleagues (2020): Flying dreams stimulated by an immersive virtual reality task
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Flying guide
Partial original Participants, Results and Discussion excerpts plus abstract; complete methods/tables unavailable. VR-flight influence in selected young adults, not predictable individual induction.
Konkoly et al. (2021) — Real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Flying guide
Lucid awareness and successful communication in some laboratory participants. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.026.
In the Lucid dreams guide
Four-laboratory proof of concept: 29 correct responses from six of 36 participants across 158 attempts; most attempts had no response. Not continuous communication or mind-reading.
In the Unable to speak guide
Selected laboratory responses through eye and facial signals; not normal speech or a cause of dream speechlessness.
In the Reading difficulty guide
Limited two-way communication during REM.
In the Explosions guide
Laboratory proof of concept; not identification of a sound at home.
In the How dream research works guide
Four-laboratory demonstration of selected signal-based answers.
Voss et al. (2013) — Measuring consciousness in dreams: The lucidity and consciousness in dreams scale
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Flying guide
Insight and control are distinct dimensions in the LuCiD scale; a non-representative research sample, not a test based on a flying image.
In the Lucid dreams guide
Questionnaire-validation research distinguishes insight, control and realism; it is not a clinical diagnostic test.
Robert and Zadra (2014): Thematic and content analysis of idiopathic nightmares and bad dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being chased guide
Prospective diary content comparison: 331 of 572 volunteers supplied analysed nightmares/bad dreams. Awakening distinguished the categories; theme frequencies do not validate individual symbolic or clinical conclusions.
In the Being attacked guide
Prospectively collected reports document aggression; they do not verify historical or future events.
Schredl & Göritz (2018): Nightmare Themes: An Online Study of Most Recent Nightmares and Childhood Nightmares
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being chased guide
One most-recent nightmare per responding adult, including recalled childhood experiences; retrospective sampling and content coding, not direct observation of children or a diagnosis from pursuit.
NHS — Sleep paralysis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being chased guide
Inability to move or speak at sleep transitions; differs from merely feeling slow inside a dream.
In the Lucid dreams guide
Official explanation of paralysis at sleep transitions and when recurring distress or tiredness warrants advice.
In the Unable to speak guide
Sleep-boundary immobility, speech difficulty and indications for support.
In the Unable to run guide
Waking-boundary immobility and support indications; not diagnosis from a running scene.
In the Sleep paralysis guide
Current clinical description and support indications; reviewed September 2026.
In the Aliens guide
Official description and support guidance for sleep-transition episodes.
In the Being watched guide
Sleep-transition immobility and presence sensations; conditional advice for recurrent distressing episodes.
In the Being buried guide
Sleep-transition immobility and pressure.
In the Being pulled guide
Sleep-transition immobility.
In the Being trapped guide
Sleep-transition immobility.
In the Chest guide
Sleep-transition guidance; pressure alone does not identify the condition.
In the Ghosts guide
Sleep-transition features and proportionate consultation advice.
In the Getting stuck guide
Sleep-transition distinction and consultation advice.
In the Images and sounds around sleep guide
Official guidance distinguishes temporary inability to move or speak around sleep from perception alone. A sensed presence can accompany paralysis; its content does not establish an external threat or diagnose a disorder.
In the Nightmares, night terrors and sleep paralysis guide
Official features and support guidance.
In the When to discuss dreams with a clinician guide
Sleep-transition experiences and when their impact warrants a conversation.
In the Sleep inertia guide
Official description of immobility or inability to speak around sleep onset or waking; supports the distinction from ordinary grogginess.
Morgenthaler and colleagues (2018): Position Paper for the Treatment of Nightmare Disorder in Adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being chased guide
Adult nightmare assessment and treatment guidance.
NINDS — Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep (official booklet, 2025)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Water guide
Official overview of sleep stages, dreaming and uncertainty about dream function; it does not decode water imagery.
In the Birds guide
Official sleep overview; dream stages and uncertainty about function, not bird meanings.
In the Why do we dream? guide
Official overview: dream purpose remains unresolved.
Di Pauli et al. (2018): Dream Content in Patients With Sleep Apnea: A Prospective Sleep Laboratory Study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Water guide
Seventy-six referred patients; morning collection with incomplete dream recall and one blinded content rater. No detected group difference; not a diagnostic test or proof of no breathing influence.
In the Drowning guide
Clinical study with a null content finding and morning-report limitations; dream imagery is not a validated respiratory test.
In the Breathing guide
Prospective sleep-laboratory comparison; no detected respiratory-topic group difference.
In the Choking guide
Selected clinical sample; primary abstract checked; morning recall limits.
NHLBI — Sleep Apnea Symptoms
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Water guide
Official guidance on observable symptoms and discussing them with a healthcare professional; not a dream-based screening tool.
In the Drowning guide
Official information on actual symptoms and clinical assessment, separate from remembered dream scenes.
In the Breathing guide
Actual sleep-related symptoms and clinical evaluation.
In the Choking guide
Official symptom and assessment guidance.
In the Sleep apnoea and dream reports guide
Official information on observed breathing symptoms and daytime effects.
In the Sleep trackers and their limits guide
Official guidance on actual breathing signs and daytime symptoms, independent of a wearable score.
De Koninck & Brunette (1991) — Presleep Suggestion Related to a Phobic Object: Successful Manipulation of Reported Dream Affect
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Snakes guide
Original abstract: 24 women in four groups; reported dream emotion after presleep suggestions. Complete methods/results unavailable; no established symbol code or self-treatment protocol.
Hoehl et al. (2017) — Itsy Bitsy Spider: Infants React with Increased Arousal to Spiders and Snakes
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Snakes guide
Two small waking infant experiments with different designs; pupil arousal is not direct fear measurement or evidence about adult dream meanings.
Fosse et al. (2003): Dreaming and memory
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the House guide
Student diaries and participant-rated waking/dream similarities; rare matches under stricter episodic-replay criteria. No house-specific experiment, recovered-memory test or direct neural-replay measurement.
In the Being lost guide
Self-reported waking elements and uncommon complete episodic replay; not validation of recovered memories.
In the Ocean guide
Diary evidence on waking elements versus whole-event replay; not a study of ocean symbolism.
In the Mountains guide
Waking elements distinguished from whole-event replay; cannot identify a dream mountain's source.
In the Hair guide
Self-reported waking elements in dreams; not hair-specific meaning or verified memory recovery.
In the Cars guide
Waking-memory elements distinguished from whole-event replay.
In the Trains guide
Memory context, not identification of a dream station.
In the Childhood self guide
Diary study; limited replay.
In the Dreaming of the past guide
Diary comparison; not historical verification.
In the Leaders guide
Reported memory fragments.
In the Makeup guide
Small general dream-diary comparison.
In the Nostalgia guide
Original diary-study abstract.
In the Roots guide
Small diary comparison.
In the Rings guide
Limited episodic replay.
In the Shooting stars guide
Diary comparison.
In the Shoes guide
Fragments versus replay.
In the Sun guide
Diary comparison.
In the Teddy bears guide
Memory fragments.
In the Writing guide
Primary diary-study abstract.
In the Volcanoes guide
Diary comparisons.
In the Parcels and deliveries guide
Diary study comparing reported dreams with remembered waking events.
In the Kidnapping and hostage situations guide
Diary study comparing reported dreams with remembered waking events.
In the Eviction and losing a home guide
Diary comparison.
In the Lying guide
Diary comparison.
In the Stealing guide
Diary comparison.
In the Inheritance guide
Diary comparison.
Wright et al. (2014): The impact of dreams of the deceased on bereavement: a survey of hospice caregivers
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Someone you miss guide
Survey of bereaved respondents and perceived effects; cannot prove causation, communication or an individual recovery timetable.
In the Death guide
Bereaved respondents' reports and perceived effects; not evidence of communication or causal healing.
In the Ancestors guide
Bereaved respondents describe their experiences; not external communication.
In the Ash guide
Context for known loss; study did not decode ashes.
In the Farewells guide
Bereaved respondents; perceived dream effects.
In the Father guide
Bereavement experiences; not father-specific.
In the Funerals guide
Retrospective caregiver survey; not funeral-specific.
In the Grandparents guide
Retrospective bereavement reports; no communication test.
In the Inheritance guide
Survey of experiences and perceived effects; not verified messages.
In the Grief and dreaming guide
Surveyed experiences and perceived effects; no therapeutic causation or verified communication.
Black et al. (2021; online 2020): Comforting Versus Distressing Dreams of the Deceased
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Someone you miss guide
Partner-bereavement reports and questionnaires; proposed functions remain observational interpretations, not demonstrated treatment effects.
In the Farewells guide
Partner-bereavement self-reports; noncausal evidence.
In the Grief and dreaming guide
Partner-bereavement reports and associations; not a test of recovery.
NHS: Grief after bereavement or loss
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Someone you miss guide
Practical support for coping with loss, including when sleep disruption is not the main difficulty.
In the Death guide
Varied grief responses and access to support; not a dream-based assessment.
In the Cemetery guide
Support for coping with grief.
In the Farewells guide
Varied experiences; no required sequence.
In the Funerals guide
Waking grief varies; no dream timetable.
In the Grief and dreaming guide
General bereavement support context; UK services and no dream-specific diagnosis.
Weinstein, Campbell and Vansteenkiste (2018): Linking psychological need experiences to daily and recurring dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Recurring dreams guide
A 200-person retrospective study and 110-person diary study identify associations, not an individual cause or a universal meaning.
In the Mountains guide
Associations from self-reported experience; no individual diagnosis from climbing or mountain scenes.
In the Being trapped guide
Associations, not individual decoding.
Gauchat et al. (2009) — Recurrent Dreams and Psychosocial Adjustment in Preteenaged Children
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Recurring dreams guide
Self-report study of 168 eleven-year-olds with mixed findings; age-specific group results cannot diagnose an individual.
Morgenthaler et al. (2018) — AASM Position Paper for the Treatment of Nightmare Disorder in Adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Recurring dreams guide
Adult nightmare assessment and treatment guidance.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Recurring dreams guide
Official information places trauma-related dreams within a broader clinical assessment rather than a stand-alone diagnosis.
In the Trauma and distressing dreams guide
Official information about symptom patterns, assessment and care.
Provini et al. (2025): World Sleep Society endorsement of the AASM nightmare-disorder position paper
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Recurring dreams guide
Section 3.1 retains support for imagery rehearsal and a tentative position on lucid dreaming therapy; individual care still requires assessment.
In the Lucid dreams guide
Section 3.1 retains support for imagery rehearsal and a tentative position on lucid dreaming therapy; individual care still requires assessment.
In the Nightmares guide
Section 3.1 retains support for imagery rehearsal and a tentative position on lucid dreaming therapy; individual care still requires assessment.
Schnurr et al. (2024): Synopsis of the 2023 VA/DoD PTSD and acute stress disorder guideline
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Recurring dreams guide
Recommendation 33 finds insufficient evidence for or against imagery rehearsal for PTSD-associated nightmares. This is a PTSD guideline, not a conclusion about every nightmare.
In the Nightmares guide
Recommendation 33 finds insufficient evidence for or against imagery rehearsal for PTSD-associated nightmares. This is a PTSD guideline, not a conclusion about every nightmare.
LaBerge et al. (1981) — Lucid Dreaming Verified by Volitional Communication During REM Sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Lucid dreams guide
Five selected participants were studied; four produced verified REM-sleep signals. This was a laboratory demonstration, not a population or safety study.
Mallett et al. (2022) — Benefits and Concerns of Seeking and Experiencing Lucid Dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Lucid dreams guide
400 self-selected forum posts screened; 174 contained included themes. Describes reported experiences, not population risks or causal effects.
Adventure-Heart (2020) — Findings From the International Lucid Dream Induction Study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Lucid dreams guide
Short self-report study with 355 completers, substantial attrition and health-related exclusions; limited safety and generalisability conclusions.
Spoormaker & van den Bout (2006) — Lucid Dreaming Treatment for Nightmares: A Pilot Study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Lucid dreams guide
Journal abstract and separate 2005 thesis chapter inspected; complete 2006 journal version unavailable. A small multicomponent pilot, not proof that lucidity itself treats nightmares.
NHLBI — Healthy Sleep Habits
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Lucid dreams guide
Official advice on sufficient sleep and regular timing; does not promise changes to dream content.
In the Examination guide
General sleep scheduling and preparation guidance; no examination-dream induction claim.
In the Sleep paralysis guide
General sleep support; no guarantee of preventing sleep paralysis.
In the The first-night effect guide
Official sleep-environment and nap guidance; not an individual treatment plan.
In the Napping and nighttime sleep guide
Official sleep-environment and nap guidance; not an individual treatment plan.
New position paper recommends treatment options for nightmare disorder in adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Lucid dreams guide
Official summary of the 2018 position paper: imagery rehearsal therapy was recommended; lucid dreaming therapy was listed as “may be used” for nightmare disorder. These categories do not establish that lucidity is necessary or guarantee individual benefit.
In the What research says about nightmare treatment guide
AASM position paper on adult nightmare treatments and recommendation strength.
Arnulf et al. (2014): Will students pass a competitive exam that they failed in their dreams?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Examination guide
Post-exam observational survey with substantial nonresponse and varying analysis subsets. Results and Table 3 do not support applying the abstract's 60.4% to all 719 respondents. No causal training benefit or individual grade forecast.
In the Being late guide
Selected post-exam respondents; lateness is a reported theme. The exploratory lateness/grade comparison was inconclusive (p = .06), not evidence of real-world delays or individual performance prediction.
In the Forgotten lessons guide
Selected survey respondents; observational association.
In the Graduation guide
Observational respondent sample; not a forecast.
In the Homework guide
Observational examination association, not individual prediction.
In the Job interviews guide
Examination association does not establish interview rehearsal.
In the Losing a competition guide
Competitive examination association; neither causal rehearsal evidence nor individual forecast.
In the University guide
Primary questionnaire abstract; observed association with grades, not randomised dream induction.
NHS: Student stress
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Examination guide
Practical stress support and when to seek help; not a dream interpretation source.
Wamsley (2022): Constructive episodic simulation in dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being late guide
Undergraduate laboratory sample with repeated, mostly sleep-onset reports and next-morning self-identified sources. The 25.7% denominator is content-bearing reports; no forecast accuracy or lateness-specific meaning was tested.
In the Weddings guide
Student laboratory reports linked to anticipated events; not prediction testing.
In the Money guide
Self-identified anticipated sources; not financial forecasting.
In the Airplanes guide
Participants associated reports with anticipated events; not prediction.
In the Airports guide
Participants associated reports with anticipated events; not prediction.
In the Bags guide
Participants associated reports with anticipated events; not prediction.
In the Buses guide
Anticipated events identified by participants, not predictions.
In the Business meetings guide
Anticipated events identified by participants, not predictions.
In the Bus stops guide
Anticipated events.
In the Chains guide
Anticipated events.
In the Clocks guide
Anticipated events.
In the Documents guide
Anticipated events.
In the Endless spaces guide
Anticipated events.
In the Hats guide
Anticipated events.
In the Journeys guide
Anticipated events.
In the Missing transport guide
Anticipated events.
In the Outer space guide
Anticipated events.
In the Parking guide
Anticipated events.
In the Passports guide
Anticipated events.
In the Retirement guide
Participant-identified past/future connections.
In the Road trips guide
Anticipated events.
In the Signing contracts guide
Anticipated events.
In the Time travel guide
Anticipated events.
In the University guide
Primary source-identification study.
In the Traffic jams guide
Anticipated events.
In the Wedding dress guide
Anticipated-event associations.
NHLBI: Insomnia Causes and Risk Factors
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being late guide
Waking worry and clock watching in insomnia; not diagnosis from dream content.
Being naked in dreams: Analysis of a long dream series (2021)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Public nudity guide
Descriptive analysis of one dreamer's 12,159 reports; cannot establish population prevalence or universal meanings.
In the Being embarrassed guide
One person's long dream series; embarrassment and perceived reactions, not universal symbolism.
In the Changing clothes guide
Original publisher-indexed paper checked; single dreamer, not population-level interpretation.
In the Costumes guide
Single-person clothing-related analysis; not a study of costume meanings.
Nielsen and colleagues (2003): The typical dreams of Canadian university students
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Public nudity guide
Lifetime theme questionnaire: 1,348 questionnaires collected and 1,181 retained for analysis; limited student population.
In the Changing clothes guide
Theme questionnaire; not decoding.
NHS: Social anxiety
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Public nudity guide
Waking symptoms and functional impact; does not diagnose anxiety from dream imagery.
In the Being rejected guide
Help for significant waking difficulties, not dream diagnosis.
Wamsley et al. (2010): Dreaming of a learning task is associated with enhanced sleep-dependent memory consolidation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being lost guide
Virtual-maze learning study with a very small dream-report subgroup; association, not individual interpretation or proof of causation.
National Institute on Aging: Memory, Forgetfulness, and Aging: What's Normal and What's Not?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being lost guide
Waking functional memory concerns; dream disorientation alone is not the assessed phenomenon.
NHLBI — Sleep Phases and Stages
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Unable to speak guide
General REM muscle physiology; no individual motif explanation.
In the Unable to run guide
General REM physiology, not proof of why a particular dream movement fails.
In the False awakenings guide
General cycles and recorded sleep-stage classification, not a false-awakening cause.
In the Beds guide
Sleep stages and the need for physiological distinctions.
In the Dreams in REM and non-REM sleep guide
Official definitions and changing stage distribution.
In the Images and sounds around sleep guide
Official sleep-onset stage terminology.
In the Sleep stages and cycles guide
Official public overview inspected: stage definitions and the changing distribution of N3 and REM. Its approximate cycle description is not used as an individual prediction.
In the Waking during the night guide
Official explanation that brief awakenings can occur between sleep cycles; not a personal stage schedule.
NHS: Symptoms of a stroke
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Unable to speak guide
Urgent response to sudden actual waking symptoms, not dream imagery.
In the Unable to run guide
Urgent response to sudden actual waking symptoms, not dream imagery.
In the Sleep paralysis guide
Urgent assessment of sudden stroke-like symptoms, including when noticed after waking or when symptoms improve; distinct from a typical brief sleep-boundary episode.
In the Tingling guide
Urgent response to actual sudden neurological symptoms.
Erlacher et al. (2014) — Time for actions in lucid dreams: effects of task modality, length, and complexity
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Unable to run guide
Small lucid-dream timing experiments; not a universal dream-speed rule or direct study of failed escape.
In the Bicycles guide
Small lucid-dream experiment timing walking and gymnastics.
In the Boots guide
Lucid movement timing.
In the Cable cars guide
Lucid movement timing.
In the Climbing guide
Lucid movement timing.
In the Clocks guide
Lucid movement timing.
In the Escalators guide
Lucid movement timing.
In the Floating guide
Timed dream actions.
In the Hammers guide
Lucid movement timing.
In the Ladders guide
Lucid movement timing.
In the Jumping guide
Lucid movement timing.
In the Ropes guide
Signalled lucid tasks.
In the Running guide
Signalled lucid tasks.
In the Sliding guide
Signalled lucid tasks.
In the Stairs guide
Signalled lucid tasks.
Noreika et al. (2020). Modulating dream experience: Noninvasive brain stimulation over the sensorimotor cortex reduces dream movement.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Unable to run guide
Laboratory stimulation and reported dream movement; no individual decoding or established self-treatment.
In the Climbing guide
Experimental movement reports.
In the Crawling guide
Movement-report comparison.
In the Feet guide
Experimental movement reports.
In the Gloves guide
Experimental movement reports.
In the Hammers guide
Experimental movement reports.
In the Hands guide
Experimental movement reports.
In the Jumping guide
Experimental movement reports.
In the Legs guide
Small experiment with measure-specific findings.
In the Ropes guide
Experimental movement reports.
In the Running guide
Experimental movement reports.
In the Sliding guide
Experimental movement reports.
In the Walking guide
Primary controlled laboratory study; ten participants.
In the Wheelchairs guide
Primary laboratory study; adjacent movement context, not wheelchair-specific.
Schredl et al. (2020): Dreaming about Dogs: An Online Survey
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dogs guide
Self-selected retrospective survey. Active time was associated with dog-dream estimates; sleeping proximity was inconclusive in the 198-owner model (p=.0704). No causal or individual decoding test.
In the Lost pets guide
Retrospective dog survey.
Schredl (2021): Animals in a long dream series
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dogs guide
One woman’s self-coded reports: 266 encounters across species in 224 dreams. Observation and interaction are distinct; these are not dog-only or population counts.
In the Horses guide
Single-dreamer analysis distinguishes observing animals from interacting with them.
In the Camels guide
Single-person animal series.
In the Caterpillars guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of caterpillars.
In the Centipedes guide
Single-person animal series.
In the Chameleons guide
Single-person animal series.
In the Cheetahs guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of cheetahs.
In the Chickens guide
Single-person animal series.
In the Cockroaches guide
Animal encounters.
In the Cows guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of cows.
In the Crabs guide
Animal encounters.
In the Crocodiles guide
Animal encounters.
In the Crows guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of crows.
In the Dolphins guide
One-person animal series.
In the Doves guide
One-person animal series.
In the Dragonflies guide
One-person animal series.
In the Ducks guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of ducks.
In the Fish guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of fish.
In the Flamingos guide
One-person animal series.
In the Fleas guide
One-person animal series.
In the Flies guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of flies.
In the Frogs guide
Personal diary.
In the Giraffes guide
Personal diary.
In the Goats guide
Personal diary.
In the Gorillas guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of gorillas.
In the Hares guide
Personal diary.
In the Hippopotamuses guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of hippopotamuses.
In the Hummingbirds guide
Personal diary.
In the Injured animals guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of injured animals.
In the Kangaroos guide
Personal diary.
In the Koalas guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of koalas.
In the Lice guide
Personal diary.
In the Lions guide
Personal diary.
In the Lizards guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of lizards.
In the Llamas guide
Personal diary.
In the Mice guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of mice.
In the Mosquitoes guide
Single-dreamer interactions.
In the Moths guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of moths.
In the Octopuses guide
Single-dreamer interactions.
In the Otters guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of otters.
In the Owls guide
Single-dreamer interactions.
In the Pandas guide
Single-diarist animal reports.
In the Peacocks guide
Single-diarist animal reports.
In the Penguins guide
Single-diarist animal reports.
In the Pigs guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of pigs.
In the Raccoons guide
Single-diarist animal reports.
In the Rats guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of rats.
In the Rhinoceroses guide
One diarist, varied encounters.
In the Salamanders guide
One diarist, varied encounters.
In the Seagulls guide
One diarist, varied encounters.
In the Seals guide
One diarist, varied encounters.
In the Sharks guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of sharks.
In the Sheep guide
Single diary.
In the Snails guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of snails.
In the Squirrels guide
Single diary.
In the Starfish guide
Single diary.
In the Swans guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of swans.
In the Talking animals guide
Single diary.
In the Ticks guide
Single diary.
In the Unicorns guide
Single diary.
In the Turtles guide
Individual encounters.
In the Whales guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of whales.
In the Worms guide
Individual encounters.
In the Zebras guide
Single-person animal-encounter study; descriptive context, not a validated interpretation of zebras.
Schredl et al. (2021). Dreaming about cats: An online survey. Dreaming, 31(3), 279–288.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cats guide
Original abstract only; retrospective estimates relating waking cat contact to remembered cat dreams. Complete Methods/Results unavailable; no individual causal or colour-code inference.
Picard-Deland et al. (2023): The memory sources of dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cats guide
Twenty healthy frequent dream recallers; morning self-identification of possible sources after serial laboratory awakenings. General memory evidence, not verified origins or a cat-specific experiment.
In the Birds guide
General memory-source research; does not establish the origin of an individual bird scene.
In the Weddings guide
General self-identified memory sources; not a study of wedding meanings.
In the Airports guide
Self-identified memory sources in reports from 20 participants.
In the Attic guide
Self-identified memory sources in reports from 20 participants.
In the Boxes guide
Laboratory reports and participant-identified memory sources.
In the Bridges guide
Laboratory reports and participant-identified memory sources.
In the Building guide
Laboratory reports and participant-identified memory sources.
In the Castle guide
Serial reports.
In the Ceilings guide
Serial reports.
In the City guide
Serial reports.
In the Dresses guide
Serial reports.
In the Floors guide
Serial reports.
In the Furniture guide
Serial reports.
In the Keys guide
Serial reports.
In the Library guide
Serial reports.
In the Locks guide
Serial reports.
In the Lost possessions guide
Serial reports.
In the Moving rooms guide
Serial reports.
In the Prison guide
Serial reports.
In the Pillows guide
Selected recallers identifying memory associations.
In the Plates guide
Selected recallers identifying multiple memory sources.
In the Ruins guide
Serial reports.
In the Sand guide
Reported memory associations.
In the Suitcases guide
Serial reports.
In the Walls guide
Serial reports.
In the Toys guide
Self-identified associations.
Morewedge and Norton (2009): When Dreaming Is Believing
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cats guide
Original experiments on attributed meaning and judgment; no animal-symbol decoder.
In the Infidelity guide
Experiments on beliefs and judgments about dream meaning.
In the Money guide
Experiments on interpretation and subsequent judgments, not financial prediction.
In the Airplanes guide
Experiments on interpretations and subsequent judgments.
In the Buying guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Coins guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Crystals guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Empty cupboards guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Hats guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Jewellery guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Lost possessions guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Medical tests guide
Meaning-attribution experiments.
In the Necklaces guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Plane crashes guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Selling guide
Interpretation and judgment.
In the Robbers guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Signing contracts guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Tickets guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Swords guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Trust guide
Primary experimental interpretation research.
In the Underwear guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Treasure guide
Interpretation and judgment.
Nielsen et al. (2003). The Typical Dreams of Canadian University Students. Dreaming, 13(4), 211–235.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Spiders guide
First-year university students; lifetime checklist with a combined insects-or-spiders item. Not spider-specific prevalence or a nightly dream rate.
In the Insects guide
A combined insects-and-spiders lifetime item, not species-specific prevalence.
Schredl (2013): Animal dreams in a long dream series
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Spiders guide
One man’s self-coded diary; repeated animals of the same species within a dream count once. Descriptive content, not population prevalence or symbolic decoding.
In the Insects guide
Descriptive insect categories in one person's record; not a population sample.
In the Ants guide
Single-person animal content; no validated ant meaning.
In the Bats guide
Broader single-person material; no bat-specific interpretation.
In the Bears guide
Single-person animal study; no bear-variant dictionary.
In the Badgers guide
Single-dreamer animal-content study; broader context.
In the Beavers guide
Animal-content study of one dreamer.
In the Bees guide
Animal interactions; not bee-specific evidence.
In the Beetles guide
Animal-content research; no beetle-specific conclusions.
In the Bulls guide
Single-person animal-interaction evidence.
In the Butterflies guide
One-dreamer animal-content analysis.
In the Deer guide
One-person animal series.
In the Dolphins guide
One-person animal series.
In the Donkeys guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to donkeys.
In the Dragonflies guide
One-person animal series.
In the Ducks guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to ducks.
In the Eagles guide
One-person animal series.
In the Elephants guide
One-person animal series.
In the Fish guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to fish.
In the Fleas guide
One-person animal series.
In the Flies guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to flies.
In the Foxes guide
One-person animal series.
In the Frogs guide
Personal diary.
In the Geese guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to geese.
In the Goats guide
Personal diary.
In the Gorillas guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to gorillas.
In the Hedgehogs guide
Personal diary.
In the Hippopotamuses guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to hippopotamuses.
In the Hummingbirds guide
Personal diary.
In the Injured animals guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to injured animals.
In the Jellyfish guide
Personal diary.
In the Koalas guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to koalas.
In the Leopards guide
Personal diary.
In the Lice guide
Personal diary.
In the Lions guide
Personal diary.
In the Lizards guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to lizards.
In the Mice guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to mice.
In the Monkeys guide
Single-dreamer series.
In the Mosquitoes guide
Single-dreamer series.
In the Moths guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to moths.
In the Ostriches guide
Single-dreamer series.
In the Otters guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to otters.
In the Owls guide
Single-dreamer series.
In the Parrots guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to parrots.
In the Peacocks guide
Single-diarist content analysis.
In the Penguins guide
Single-diarist content analysis.
In the Rabbits guide
Single-diarist content analysis.
In the Raccoons guide
Single-diarist content analysis.
In the Rats guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to rats.
In the Rhinoceroses guide
Single-person diary analysis.
In the Scorpions guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to scorpions.
In the Seagulls guide
Single-person diary analysis.
In the Seals guide
Single-person diary analysis.
In the Sharks guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to sharks.
In the Sheep guide
Single diary.
In the Skunks guide
Single diary.
In the Squirrels guide
Single diary.
In the Starfish guide
Single diary.
In the Talking animals guide
Single diary.
In the Ticks guide
Single diary.
In the Tigers guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to tigers.
NHS (reviewed 2026). Phobias.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Spiders guide
Official guidance on waking anxiety and life impact; not dream interpretation.
Schredl & Blagrove (2021): Animals in Dreams of Children, Adolescents, and Adults: The UK Library Study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Horses guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Barn guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Camels guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Caterpillars guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of caterpillars.
In the Centipedes guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Chameleons guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Cheetahs guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of cheetahs.
In the Chickens guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Cockroaches guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Cows guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of cows.
In the Crabs guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Crocodiles guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Crows guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of crows.
In the Deer guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Dolphins guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Donkeys guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of donkeys.
In the Doves guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Ducks guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of ducks.
In the Eagles guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Elephants guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Fish guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of fish.
In the Flamingos guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Foxes guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Geese guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of geese.
In the Giraffes guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Goats guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Hares guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Hedgehogs guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Hippopotamuses guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of hippopotamuses.
In the Hummingbirds guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Jellyfish guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Kangaroos guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Koalas guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of koalas.
In the Leopards guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Lizards guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of lizards.
In the Llamas guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Lost pets guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Mice guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of mice.
In the Monkeys guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Mosquitoes guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Octopuses guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Ostriches guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Otters guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of otters.
In the Pandas guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Parrots guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of parrots.
In the Penguins guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Pigs guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of pigs.
In the Rabbits guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Rats guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of rats.
In the Rhinoceroses guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Salamanders guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Scorpions guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of scorpions.
In the Seals guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Sharks guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of sharks.
In the Skunks guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Snails guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of snails.
In the Starfish guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Swans guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of swans.
In the Talking animals guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Tigers guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of tigers.
In the Wasps guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: animal reports across age groups. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Whales guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of whales.
In the Wolves guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
In the Zebras guide
Supplementary animal-report context; original abstract only. Complete paper not inspected; no validated interpretation of zebras.
In the Zoo guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Describes reported animal content, not a validated interpretation of this scene or an individual prediction.
Wamsley (2013) — Dreaming, waking conscious experience, and the resting brain
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Horses guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Barn guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Camels guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Caterpillars guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Centipedes guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Chameleons guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Cheetahs guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Chickens guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Cockroaches guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Crabs guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Crocodiles guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Deer guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Dolphins guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Doves guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Dragonflies guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Eagles guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Elephants guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Flamingos guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Fleas guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Foxes guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Frogs guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Giraffes guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Goats guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Hares guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Hedgehogs guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Hummingbirds guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Jellyfish guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Kangaroos guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Leopards guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Lions guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Llamas guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Lost pets guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Monkeys guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Mosquitoes guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Octopuses guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Ostriches guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Owls guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Pandas guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Peacocks guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Penguins guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Rabbits guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Raccoons guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Rhinoceroses guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Salamanders guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Seagulls guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Seals guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Sheep guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Skunks guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Squirrels guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Starfish guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Talking animals guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Ticks guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Turtles guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Wasps guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Wolves guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Worms guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
In the Zoo guide
Theoretical article, relevant full-text discussion consulted: limits of systematic symbolic decoding. It is not a species-specific study, an animal-frequency estimate or validation of a personal interpretation.
Konkoly et al. (2025), Investigating dreams by strategically presenting sounds during REM sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Birds guide
Controlled sound-cue experiment; neither a birdsong study nor an at-home induction guarantee.
In the Insects guide
General experimental sound-cue evidence; no insect-specific or home-use result.
In the Bells guide
Conditioned auditory cues and task incorporation.
Eichenlaub et al. (2018) — Incorporation of recent waking-life experiences in dreams correlates with frontal theta activity in REM sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fire guide
Small laboratory study of memory incorporation; does not establish fire-specific meanings or individual causes.
Robert & Zadra (2014) — Thematic and content analysis of idiopathic nightmares and bad dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fire guide
Prospective content analysis distinguishes narrative themes from reported emotions; no universal fire interpretation.
In the Storms guide
Descriptive comparison of dream content and intensity; does not diagnose from storms.
In the Guns guide
Prospective content comparison; not intent.
In the Kidnapping and hostage situations guide
Descriptive analysis of volunteer nightmare and bad-dream reports; abstract consulted.
In the Bullying guide
Descriptive analysis of volunteer nightmare and bad-dream reports; abstract consulted.
In the War guide
Descriptive diary study.
In the Explosions guide
Descriptive diary study.
In the Killing someone guide
Descriptive diary study.
In the Sexual assault guide
Descriptive diary study.
Morgenthaler et al. (2018) — AASM Position Paper for the Treatment of Nightmare Disorder in Adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fire guide
Professional guidance on adult nightmare care, not a diagnosis from a dream motif.
In the Nightmares guide
Adult diagnostic context and 2018 treatment position; individual assessment remains necessary.
In the Car accidents guide
Professional adult nightmare-care guidance; individual assessment remains necessary.
Sikka, Pesonen & Revonsuo (2018) — Peace of mind and anxiety in the waking state are related to the affective content of dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Ocean guide
Exploratory associations between waking measures and dream affect; no causal claim or ocean-based assessment.
Siclari et al. (2017) — The neural correlates of dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Ocean guide
EEG research on reported dream experience and content; no decoding of a sea scene's personal meaning.
In the Forests guide
Study of dream experience and neural activity; no landscape meaning decoder.
In the Cars guide
Neural correlates of experience; no object-meaning decoder.
In the Driving guide
Dream experience across sleep stages; no driving interpretation.
In the Doors guide
Brain-activity context, not a symbol decoder.
Sikka et al. (2019): EEG frontal alpha asymmetry and dream affect
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Storms guide
Seventeen-person laboratory study of reported anger and EEG, not weather symbolism.
In the Anger guide
Small laboratory association between EEG measures and dream anger; no individual diagnostic interpretation.
Haar Horowitz et al. (2023) — Targeted dream incubation and post-sleep creative performance
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Forests guide
Controlled tree-theme experiment with device-estimated sleep onset; not a universal forest interpretation.
In the Moss guide
Laboratory tree prompts.
In the Mushrooms guide
Laboratory tree prompts.
In the Oases guide
Laboratory tree prompts.
In the Palms guide
Laboratory tree prompts.
In the Roots guide
Cued sleep-onset experiment.
In the Seedlings guide
Cued sleep-onset experiment.
In the Seeds guide
Cued sleep-onset experiment.
In the Soil guide
Cued laboratory tasks.
In the Sunflowers guide
Prompted sleep-onset experiment.
In the Thorns guide
Prompted sleep-onset experiment.
In the Trees guide
Prompted tree tasks.
In the Vegetable patches guide
Prompted tree tasks.
In the Vines guide
Prompted tree tasks.
In the Weeds guide
Prompted tree tasks.
In the Dreams, creativity and problem solving guide
Indexed original methods, ratings, results and discussion inspected after direct-access failures; no concurrent EEG sleep staging.
Wamsley & Stickgold (2019) — Dreaming of a learning task is associated with enhanced memory consolidation: Replication in an overnight sleep study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Forests guide
Maze-task association lost significance after adjusting for starting performance; no individual life-direction assessment.
In the Why do we dream? guide
Specific maze-task association; no causal test of experiencing a dream.
Lara-Carrasco et al. (2013): Maternal representations in the dreams of pregnant women
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Pregnancy guide
Selected volunteers who had not previously given birth; prospective logs with separate third-trimester groups, not a diagnostic or pregnancy-outcome test.
NHS: Doing a pregnancy test
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Pregnancy guide
Real testing timing and follow-up; dream results have no measured biological marker.
NHS — Tiredness and sleep problems in pregnancy
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Pregnancy guide
Sleep concerns and appropriate professional discussion during actual pregnancy.
In the Giving birth guide
Official guidance on unusual pregnancy dreams.
In the Dreams during pregnancy guide
UK pregnancy guidance: unusual dreams are not forecasts; optional discussion with a midwife.
In the Sleep during pregnancy guide
Official comfort, position and help guidance read.
Nielsen and Paquette (2007): Dream-associated Behaviors Affecting Pregnant and Postpartum Women
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Babies guide
Interview-based descriptions of infant dreams and behaviours; not prediction or a parenting assessment.
NHS: Helping your baby to sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Babies guide
Actual infant sleep arrangements, including room sharing for the first six months.
Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust: Sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Babies guide
Back sleeping, separate cot or Moses basket and room sharing; no dream-based risk inference.
NIMH: Perinatal Depression
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Babies guide
Waking symptoms, assessment and treatment; not diagnosis from infant dream imagery.
Schredl (2010): Nightmare frequency and nightmare topics in a representative German sample
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Death guide
Original abstract only. Descriptive nightmare-topic survey; not evidence about all death dreams, individual causes or prediction.
Robert & Zadra (2014): Thematic and Content Analysis of Idiopathic Nightmares and Bad Dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Blood guide
Prospective content descriptions; no validated individual meaning for blood.
In the Nightmares guide
Descriptive evidence of varied nightmare emotions; not individual symbolic decoding.
In the Avalanches guide
Prospective distressing-dream reports and varied emotional content.
In the Cliffs guide
Disturbing dream reports.
In the Collapsing buildings guide
Disturbing dream reports.
In the End of the world guide
Prospective reports; descriptive themes.
In the Escaping guide
Prospective comparison of disturbing-dream themes.
In the Fighting guide
Content comparison; not intent.
In the Eruptions guide
Prospective content coding.
In the Hail guide
Prospective content coding.
In the Knives guide
Disturbing dream reports.
In the Hurricanes guide
Prospective content coding.
In the Landslides guide
Prospective content coding.
In the Lightning guide
Prospective content coding.
In the Monsters guide
Disturbing dream reports.
In the Plane crashes guide
Disturbing dream reports.
In the Police officers guide
Disturbing dream reports.
In the Rescuing someone guide
Disturbing dream reports.
In the Sinking ships guide
Disturbing dream reports.
In the Swords guide
Descriptive report comparison.
In the Vampires guide
Prospective diaries.
In the Tornadoes guide
Prospective report comparison.
Dream rebound: the return of suppressed thoughts in dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Blood guide
Experimental target-person thought suppression; not a study of blood or a universal content-control rule.
In the Crush guide
Presleep instruction experiment; incorporation was not contingent on attraction.
In the Dating guide
Presleep instructions experiment; not an attraction test.
In the Hiding guide
Specific presleep manipulation; no hidden-memory inference.
In the Keeping a secret guide
Experimental presleep instructions; no inference of hidden wishes.
NHS: Nosebleed
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Blood guide
Guidance concerns actual bleeding and recurrent episodes, not dream diagnosis.
Saurat et al. (2011): Walking dreams in congenital and acquired paraplegia
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Hair guide
Original abstract and selected publisher participant, results and discussion excerpts; complete paper and tables not reviewed. A small selected diary comparison about movement, not population-wide evidence, prognosis or the dreamer's preferred body.
In the Disability guide
Original abstract and selected publisher participant, results and discussion excerpts; complete paper and tables not reviewed. A small selected diary comparison about movement, not population-wide evidence, prognosis or the dreamer's preferred body.
In the Feet guide
Original abstract and selected publisher participant, results and discussion excerpts; complete paper and tables not reviewed. A small selected diary comparison about movement, not population-wide evidence, prognosis or the dreamer's preferred body.
In the Extra body parts guide
Original abstract and selected publisher participant, results and discussion excerpts; complete paper and tables not reviewed. A small selected diary comparison about movement, not population-wide evidence, prognosis or the dreamer's preferred body.
In the Growing larger guide
Original abstract and selected publisher participant, results and discussion excerpts; complete paper and tables not reviewed. A small selected diary comparison about movement, not population-wide evidence, prognosis or the dreamer's preferred body.
In the Ladders guide
Original abstract and selected publisher participant, results and discussion excerpts; complete paper and tables not reviewed. A small selected diary comparison about movement, not population-wide evidence, prognosis or the dreamer's preferred body.
In the Legs guide
Original abstract and selected publisher participant, results and discussion excerpts; complete paper and tables not reviewed. A small selected diary comparison about movement, not population-wide evidence, prognosis or the dreamer's preferred body.
In the Losing a body part guide
Original abstract and selected publisher participant, results and discussion excerpts; complete paper and tables not reviewed. A small selected diary comparison about movement, not population-wide evidence, prognosis or the dreamer's preferred body.
In the Moving backwards guide
Original abstract and selected publisher participant, results and discussion excerpts; complete paper and tables not reviewed. A small selected diary comparison about movement, not population-wide evidence, prognosis or the dreamer's preferred body.
NHS: Hair loss
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Hair guide
Actual hair loss and assessment; no diagnostic or treatment inference from dreams.
Efficacy of imagery rescripting and imaginal exposure for nightmares: A randomized wait-list controlled trial
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Nightmares guide
Randomised waiting-list comparison, predominantly idiopathic nightmares; no universal treatment guarantee.
In the What research says about nightmare treatment guide
Randomized treatment comparison; primary methods and results checked, including the waiting-list crossover.
False awakenings in light of the dream protoconsciousness theory: A study in lucid dreamers (2011)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the False awakenings guide
Self-selected lucid-dreamer survey; descriptive experiences, not general prevalence or validated cause.
In the Dream loops guide
Self-selected survey; phenomenology, not population prevalence.
Mainieri et al. (2021) — Are sleep paralysis and false awakenings different from REM sleep and from lucid REM sleep? A spectral EEG analysis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the False awakenings guide
Two recorded false awakenings in a small selected physiological study; limited generalisability.
In the Sleep paralysis guide
Five captured sleep-paralysis episodes; small selected sample and limited generalisation.
In the Images and sounds around sleep guide
Selected physiological episodes, not a classification test.
In the Nightmares, night terrors and sleep paralysis guide
Small selected physiological comparison.
Cheyne et al. (1999): Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations during sleep paralysis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep paralysis guide
Reported perceptions and proposed explanatory models; not external verification or settled individual mechanisms.
Sharpless and Barber (2011): Lifetime prevalence rates of sleep paralysis: a systematic review
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep paralysis guide
Pooled lifetime estimates vary by sample; not individual prediction or current universal prevalence.
Denis et al. (2015): A twin and molecular genetics study of sleep paralysis and associated factors
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep paralysis guide
Questionnaire associations and exploratory genetics in young adult twins and siblings; not personal causation.
Schredl and Wood (2021): Partners and Ex-Partners in Dreams: A Diary Study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Former partner guide
Mostly student diary sample; describes encounters, not reunion preferences or another person's thoughts.
In the Reunions guide
Student-report comparison; relationship status unavailable.
In the Separation guide
Student diary analysis; missing relationship-context measures.
In the Wedding dress guide
Relationship-content diaries.
Partners and ex-partners in dreams: An online survey
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Former partner guide
Retrospective 12-month estimates using broad dreamed-partner definitions; not directly comparable with a prospective dream count.
In the Separation guide
Retrospective relationship-quality association; original PDF indexed.
Schredl (2018). Reminiscences of love: Former romantic partners in dreams.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Former partner guide
One long diary; persistence cannot be generalised into a personal explanation.
Old school friends: Former social relationship patterns in a long dream series (2012)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Friends guide
Single-case longitudinal content analysis; no claim about another person's present thoughts.
In the Classmates guide
One person's longitudinal record; no population prevalence or individual decoding.
In the Dreaming of the past guide
Longitudinal single-person diary; limited generalisation.
Tuominen et al. (2019) — Social contents in dreams: An empirical test of the Social Simulation Theory
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Friends guide
Fifteen-student comparison; sociality result and unsupported strengthening prediction.
In the Apartment guide
Small student study comparing waking and dream social reports.
In the Barn guide
Small student study comparing waking and dream social reports.
In the Being watched guide
Small sleep/wake report comparison, not motif decoding.
In the Buses guide
Social content comparison in fifteen students.
In the Business meetings guide
Social content comparison in fifteen students.
In the Celebrations guide
Social-content comparison; limited scope.
In the Bus stops guide
Social reports.
In the Chairs guide
Social reports.
In the Clothes guide
Social reports.
In the Crowns guide
Social-event comparison.
In the Cups guide
Social reports.
In the Family gatherings guide
Small report comparison.
In the Fighting guide
Same report pool.
In the Feasts guide
Social reports.
In the Giving a gift guide
Small social-content comparison; function unproven.
In the Helping someone guide
Small report comparison; function unproven.
In the Receiving a gift guide
Small comparative content study; relationship-strengthening prediction unsupported.
In the Stadium guide
Social reports.
In the Theatre guide
Social reports.
In the Tables guide
Social report comparison.
In the Temple guide
Social report comparison.
In the Trust guide
Primary abstract; small report comparison.
In the Unknown crowds guide
Different sampling from a shared database.
In the Underwear guide
Social reports.
In the Village guide
Social reports.
Olsen et al. (2013). Sharing Dreams: Frequency, Motivations, and Relationship Intimacy.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Friends guide
Abstract checked in the university record; complete original paper unavailable. Questionnaire associations between dream sharing and perceived couple intimacy, not a tested sharing intervention or a requirement to disclose dreams.
Skrzypińska and Słodka (2014): Who are the people in my dreams? Self-awareness and character identification in dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Strangers guide
Most-recent reports and recognition questionnaires; does not identify every face's origin.
In the Changing identity guide
Publisher-indexed original abstract checked; retrospective reports from 153 participants.
Kahn, Pace-Schott & Hobson (2002) — Emotion and cognition: feeling and character identification in dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Strangers guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Teachers guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Costumes guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Dolls guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Feasts guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Hats guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Jewellery guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Market guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Mosque guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Passengers guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Robbers guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Shape shifting guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Twins guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Village guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
Balch et al. (2025). Relationship and personality factors predict longitudinal changes in dream content.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Strangers guide
Selected adult diary sample; known and unfamiliar characters, not individual decoding.
In the Infidelity guide
Two-week study of 124 volunteers; support-network analyses used 121. Associations concern named relationships and dream appearances, not inferred affairs.
In the Apartment guide
Volunteer diary study of reported social relationships and characters.
Selterman et al. (2014). Dreaming of You: Behavior and Emotion in Dreams of Significant Others Predict Subsequent Relational Behavior.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Weddings guide
Small relationship diary study; does not evaluate marriage decisions.
In the Infidelity guide
Small observational student diary study; dreamer-infidelity and jealousy findings concern later self-reports, not detected affairs or demonstrated causation.
In the Crush guide
Observational partner diary; statistical prediction is not prophecy or causal proof.
In the Dating guide
Observational partner diaries; association, not prediction of intentions.
In the Forgiveness guide
Partner diaries; not forgiveness-specific.
In the Jealousy guide
Observational diary associations; no proof of causation or infidelity.
In the Long distance relationships guide
Two-week observational relationship diaries; subsequent associations do not establish causation or partner intentions.
In the Unrequited affection guide
Primary abstract and author manuscript; related partner-diary research, not an independent causal test.
Dream content analytic scale for measuring studies-related topics: Reliability and validity
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the School guide
Content coding and study-related changes in one long diary.
In the Teachers guide
Educational content coding in one diary.
In the Classmates guide
Content scale applied to a personal series; studying differs from character identity.
In the Diplomas guide
Coding study in one longitudinal series; educational content.
In the Forgotten lessons guide
One diary across study-status changes.
In the Graduation guide
Single-person study/work comparison.
In the Homework guide
Single-person longitudinal content analysis; broader study themes.
Schredl (2017): Pass or fail? Examination dreams in a long dream series
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the School guide
Single-person examination content and waking study periods.
In the Diplomas guide
Single academic's diary; varied examination scenarios.
In the Forgotten lessons guide
Single-person variation in examination content.
In the Graduation guide
One academic's varied examination content.
In the Homework guide
Academic dream variation in one diary.
In the University guide
Primary single-person diary analysis; 10,713 reports, not 10,713 participants.
Schredl (2024). Continuity Between Waking Life and Dreaming: A Research Note and Study in Adolescents.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the School guide
Full original methods and results inspected: retrospective activity estimates from 93 dream-recalling adolescents in a 100-student survey; not classroom-symbol research.
Schredl et al. (2020) — Work-Related Dreams: An Online Survey
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Teachers guide
Retrospective work-dream survey; not a teacher-specific sample.
In the Barn guide
Retrospective adult work-dream estimates; not farm-specific.
In the Building guide
Retrospective work-dream estimates and waking job associations.
In the Business meetings guide
Retrospective work-dream estimates and waking job associations.
In the Construction site guide
Retrospective work reports.
In the Documents guide
Retrospective work reports.
In the Factory guide
Retrospective work reports.
In the Hammers guide
Retrospective work reports.
In the Harvest guide
Retrospective work reports.
In the Kitchen guide
Retrospective work reports.
In the Office guide
Retrospective work reports.
In the Passwords guide
Retrospective work associations.
In the Retirement guide
Retrospective work imagery across employment statuses.
In the Selling guide
Retrospective occupational associations.
In the Repairing guide
Retrospective work reports.
In the Rubbish guide
Retrospective work reports.
In the Shop guide
Retrospective work reports.
In the Taxis guide
Retrospective work reports.
In the Tickets guide
Retrospective work reports.
In the Tools guide
Retrospective work survey.
In the Volunteering guide
Primary indexed report; employment context.
In the Work deadlines guide
Primary indexed online survey; retrospective associations.
In the Traffic jams guide
Retrospective work reports.
In the Trucks guide
Retrospective work reports.
In the Warehouse guide
Retrospective work reports.
Schredl (2023): Dreams of finding money: Four German surveys from 1956 to 2000
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Money guide
Historical reports of finding money only, not all money-related dreams.
In the Coins guide
Finding-money surveys.
In the Debts guide
Retrospective finding-money reports; not debt decoding.
In the Payday guide
Historical survey theme concerns finding money, not salary payments.
In the Treasure guide
Historical theme surveys.
In the Wallets guide
Historical theme surveys.
Schredl (2020): Transportation in one dream diary
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cars guide
Single-person transportation record; no population estimate or individual meaning test.
In the Trains guide
Single-case transport analysis, not a train-symbol dictionary.
In the Bicycles guide
One dream diary; transport habits and dream content.
In the Boats guide
One dream diary; transport habits and dream content.
In the Buses guide
One dream diary; transport habits and dream content.
In the Bus stops guide
Individual transport diary.
In the Cable cars guide
Individual transport diary.
In the Escalators guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Journeys guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Lost luggage guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Missing transport guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Motorcycles guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Outer space guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Parking guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Passengers guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Plane crashes guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Road trips guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Ships guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Spaceships guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Submarines guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Subway guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Taxis guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Traffic jams guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Train stations guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Trucks guide
Single transportation diary.
In the Vehicle breakdowns guide
One-person transportation study; no validated symbolism.
Schredl, Funkhouser & Arn (2005) — Dreams of Truck Drivers: A Test of the Continuity Hypothesis of Dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Driving guide
Original abstract only; partial occupational continuity and mood associations in truck drivers. Complete paper unavailable; no individual cause, accident prediction or control-symbol test.
Schredl & Hofmann (2003): Continuity between waking activities and dream activities
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Driving guide
Activity-dependent incorporation with diary and measurement limitations.
In the Phones guide
Activity comparisons, not a rule that reading or typing is impossible.
In the Seeds guide
Activity-specific diary comparison.
In the Soil guide
Activity comparison.
Prior sleep problems and adverse post-traumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae of motor vehicle collision in the AURORA study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Car accidents guide
Observational cohort after real collisions; no prediction from accident dreams.
In the Trauma and distressing dreams guide
Original observational collision follow-up; pre-collision sleep recalled retrospectively, with associations rather than causal proof.
National Institute of Mental Health — Traumatic Events and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Car accidents guide
Official context for reactions, persistence and everyday impact after trauma.
In the Floods guide
Official context for trauma reactions and assessment.
Dreaming of a Learning Task is Associated with Enhanced Memory Consolidation: Replication in an Overnight Sleep Study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Doors guide
Maze task research with a baseline-performance limitation; no door interpretation.
In the Learning, memory and dreaming guide
Abstract and indexed results, including the baseline adjustment.
McFadyen et al. (2021) — Doorways do not always cause forgetting: a multimodal investigation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Doors guide
Waking doorway experiments; explicitly distinguished from dreams.
Sturdee et al. (2022) — Do Humans Dream of Digital Devices?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Phones guide
Small qualitative design documenting device-related accounts; no population estimates.
In the Artificial intelligence guide
Small qualitative device narratives, not AI-specific evidence.
Erlacher and colleagues (2020): Ring, ring, ring… Are you dreaming?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Phones guide
Laboratory ringtone incorporation under an induction protocol, not proof of an individual sound source.
In the Alarms guide
Ringtone incorporation within a laboratory induction protocol.
In the Bees guide
Laboratory sound incorporation; not buzzing-specific.
In the Bells guide
Laboratory ringtone protocol; limited generalisation.
In the Calling someone guide
Publisher-indexed original methods checked; direct page access blocked. Acoustic-cue experiment, not interpersonal communication.
Moloney et al. (2024) — Assessing the Impacts of a Climate-Related Flood on Sleep (conference abstract)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Floods guide
Published conference abstract only. Preliminary survivor accounts after a real flood; contextual evidence, not a dream-symbol study or individual risk estimate.
Erlacher & Schredl (2010) — Frequency of sport dreams in athletes
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Swimming guide
Athlete questionnaire associations; broader than swimming and not causal interpretation.
In the Climbing guide
Athlete questionnaire.
In the Ladders guide
Athlete questionnaire.
In the Playing sport guide
Retrospective athlete survey; broad sport content rather than observed performance.
In the Running guide
Athlete questionnaire.
In the Stadium guide
Athlete questionnaire.
Schredl (2004): Seasons in dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Swimming guide
Grouped seasonal content including swimming; no individual seasonal rule.
In the Beaches guide
Grouped seasonal themes, not a beach-symbol study.
In the Leaves guide
Season comparison.
In the Ice guide
Season comparison.
In the Lilies guide
Season comparison.
In the Meadows guide
Season comparison.
In the Moss guide
Seasonal report comparison.
In the Mud guide
Seasonal report comparison.
In the Oases guide
Seasonal report comparison.
In the Rain guide
Seasonal content comparison.
In the Seasons guide
Seasonal content comparison.
In the Snow guide
Seasonal diary comparison.
In the Snowy landscapes guide
Seasonal diary comparison.
In the Sunshine guide
Seasonal comparison.
In the Vegetable patches guide
Seasonal comparison.
In the Wildflowers guide
Seasonal comparison.
In the Wind guide
Seasonal comparison.
Schädlich and Erlacher (2018) — Practicing sports in lucid dreams: characteristics, effects, and practical implications
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Swimming guide
Qualitative lucid-practice interviews; perceived effects, not proof for ordinary swimming dreams.
Wong et al. (2025) — A dream EEG and mentation database
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dream recall guide
An initial multi-study database of awakening reports and sleep recordings. Broad experience categories and ambiguous mappings do not establish whole-night dreaming rates or individual recall ability.
In the Dreams in REM and non-REM sleep guide
Report classifications and differing contributing protocols.
In the How dream research works guide
Standardized paired recordings and report classifications.
Elce et al. (2025): The individual determinants of morning dream recall
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dream recall guide
Home observations distinguish reported experience from remembered content. Selected healthy adults; associations and diary/retrospective differences do not establish a training effect or sleep-changing prescription.
In the Sleep timing and dream recall guide
Prospective home reporting; selected regular sleepers, not a shift-work experiment.
In the Keeping a dream journal guide
Reporting categories and observational design; no journal-benefit guarantee.
Eichenlaub et al. (2014): Resting Brain Activity Varies with Dream Recall Frequency Between Subjects
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dream recall guide
PET comparison of recall-frequency groups; not an individual measure of memory or creativity.
Grigoropoulos (2022): Adoption openness and adoption stigma
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Adoption guide
Qualitative interviews with 14 Greek adult adoptees; individual adoption experiences, not research on dream meanings.
Dream Interpretation and False Beliefs
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Adoption guide
Experimental suggestive interpretation altered autobiographical belief; belief change did not verify historical events.
In the Being accused guide
Suggestive interpretation increased belief in proposed events without confirming their occurrence.
In the Childhood self guide
Suggestive interpretation experiment.
In the Courthouse guide
Suggestion changed confidence, not history.
In the Discovering a secret guide
Suggestion changed confidence.
In the Lying guide
Suggestion and belief experiment; not verified autobiographical recovery.
In the Killing someone guide
Suggestion and belief experiment; not verified autobiographical recovery.
In the Sexual assault guide
Experimental suggestion study.
In the How to use a dream dictionary thoughtfully guide
Experimental study of suggestive interpretations and confidence; author-hosted full text consulted.
GOV.UK: Adoption records
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Adoption guide
Official route to birth-record information; jurisdiction-specific procedures, not dream verification.
Chellappa et al. (2009): Does the circadian modulation of dream recall modify with age?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Ageing guide
Small controlled comparison of dream reports across age groups and circadian timing; not symbolic interpretation.
In the Sunrise guide
Controlled nap protocol.
In the Dreams across later life guide
Selected laboratory comparison; age, timing and reported recall.
In the Sleep timing and dream recall guide
Controlled timing and recall; recent shift workers were excluded.
World Health Organization: Ageing and health
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Ageing guide
Official explanation of diversity in older age and environmental support; waking-life context, not dream evidence.
MedlinePlus: Sleep disorders in older adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Ageing guide
Official information on sleep changes and seeking care when inadequate sleep affects daily activities.
In the Dreams across later life guide
General later-life sleep context and support; not dream research.
Kelly and Greene (2019): The reality of drinking and drug using dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Alcohol guide
Retrospective cross-sectional recovery survey; prevalence and associations, not individual relapse prediction.
Ebrahim et al. (2013): Alcohol and sleep I
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Alcohol guide
Abstract-only historical review of actual alcohol ingestion and sleep. Supplementary context for dose-dependent sleep physiology; not a dosing recommendation or evidence about dreamed beverages. The complete paper remains unverified.
NHS — Alcohol-use disorder
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Alcohol guide
Official help-seeking and warning about abrupt cessation when alcohol dependent; no dream-based diagnosis.
In the Alcohol, cannabis, nicotine and dream research guide
Current guidance on support and withdrawal safety.
NHLBI — Insomnia treatment
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Alcohol guide
Official guidance on actual bedtime alcohol: easier sleep onset can be followed by lighter sleep and more awakenings. It does not interpret imagined drinks or prescribe dream-control techniques.
In the Insomnia and dream recall guide
Official explanation of insomnia treatment, including CBT-I.
In the A comfortable sleep environment guide
Official guidance includes a dark, quiet, cool sleeping place. Only the environmental advice is used here; the full list is not a universal prescription.
In the Sleep routines that fit real life guide
Official explanation of relaxing bedtime activities and structured insomnia care. Illustrative routines on this page were not tested by NHLBI.
In the CBT-I explained guide
Official CBT-I section read. Components and treatment context, without a self-treatment timetable.
In the Sleep aids and supplement claims guide
Official CBT-I section inspected for the care pathway. No treatment schedule reproduced.
Peace of mind and anxiety in the waking state are related to the affective content of dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Anger guide
Observational diary associations between waking wellbeing measures and dream emotions; causation unestablished.
In the Stress, emotion and dream reports guide
Three-week diary study; original Methods and Results inspected. Associations do not establish causation.
NHS: Get help with anger
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Anger guide
Official waking-life coping and help-seeking guidance; not a dream assessment.
Balch et al. (2025): Relationship and personality factors predict longitudinal changes in dream content
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Apologising guide
Observational social-dream associations; no apology decoding or access to another person's intentions.
In the Aunts and uncles guide
Associations with dream appearances; no special kinship decoding.
Lewicki et al. (2016): An Exploration of the Structure of Effective Apologies
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Apologising guide
Experiments evaluating apology components and contexts; not a guaranteed relationship-repair formula.
Forster et al. (2021): Experimental evidence that apologies promote forgiveness
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Apologising guide
Manipulated apologies and relationship value in an experiment; no obligation to forgive and no dream-specific result.
Selterman et al. (2012): Script-like attachment representations in dreams containing current romantic partners
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Arguments guide
Correlational diary study of 61 dating students; broader partner representation, not argument interpretation.
In the Being comforted guide
Two-week partner-dream diary associations; no single-dream relationship diagnosis.
In the Crush guide
Established student relationships; associations, not crush compatibility or diagnosis.
In the Dating guide
Diary associations in established relationships; no individual diagnosis.
In the Jealousy guide
Related student diary research; group associations.
In the Marriage proposal guide
Small relationship-diary study with blind content coding; no proposal or readiness test.
In the Partner guide
Observational student diaries and independently coded supportive narratives.
Sikka et al. (2022): Negative dream affect and next-day affect
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Arguments guide
Forty participants with usable records from three to five mornings each; affect associations without evidence for measured regulation benefits or causal conflict predictions.
NHS: Maintaining healthy relationships and mental wellbeing
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Arguments guide
Official communication and boundary guidance for actual relationships, not dream-based decisions.
Noreika et al. (2020): Modulating dream experience through sensorimotor stimulation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Arms guide
Controlled laboratory manipulation of movement reports; not arm symbolism or a self-treatment recommendation.
Giordano et al. (2021): Body Schema Self-Awareness and Related Dream Content Modifications in Amputees Due to Cancer
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Arms guide
Twenty-person clinical study of dreamed body representation; limited generalisability and no prediction of injury.
NHS: Elbow and arm pain
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Arms guide
Official guidance for actual persistent or urgent arm symptoms, separate from dream imagery.
Flynn and Bohns (2008): If You Need Help, Just Ask
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Asking for help guide
Experimental and field studies of underestimated compliance with real requests; not dream interpretation.
Zhao and Epley (2022): Surprisingly happy to have helped
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Asking for help guide
US studies of expectations about helpers' willingness and feelings; context-limited, not a guarantee.
In the Being rescued guide
Waking help-seeking expectations, not rescue-dream interpretation.
NHS: How to talk about your mental health
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Asking for help guide
Official suggestions for an actual support conversation; no inference of illness from a dream.
Erlacher and Schredl (2010): Frequency of sport dreams in athletes
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Athletes guide
Questionnaire study of 632 German athletes; waking activity associations, not causation or performance prediction.
Erlacher et al. (2020): Frequency of sport dreams in Japanese college athletes
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Athletes guide
Survey of 1,323 Japanese college athletes; content-frequency associations with limited cross-cultural inference.
Erlacher et al. (2011): Frequency of nightmares and gender significantly predict distressing dreams of German athletes before competitions or games
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Athletes guide
Original abstract only; retrospective German athlete survey, with next-day performance effects left for further study. Complete article unavailable.
In the Playing sport guide
Original abstract only; retrospective German athlete survey. Complete paper unavailable; next-day performance effects left for further research, with no individual forecast.
Schredl (2013): Dreams of core family members in a long dream series
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Aunts and uncles guide
Single-person longitudinal content analysis; core family findings cannot be generalised to all extended-family relationships.
National Institutes of Health: Social Wellness Toolkit
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Aunts and uncles guide
Official waking guidance on supportive connections and boundaries; not evidence of dream meaning.
Schredl et al. (2017): Pain Dreams and Dream Emotions in Patients with Chronic Back Pain and Healthy Controls
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Back guide
Retrospective comparison of chronic-pain patients and controls; associations, not diagnosis or recovery measurement.
In the Pain guide
Retrospective clinical comparison.
Nielsen et al. (1993): Pain in dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Back guide
Selected laboratory cases of sensation incorporation; individual dream causes remain undetermined.
In the Bandages guide
Selected sensory-stimulation cases; no universal explanation of medical dream imagery.
In the Chest guide
Selected experimental reports; original methods, results and discussion inspected; no chest-diagnostic findings.
In the Head guide
Selected reports during experimental stimulation.
In the Injury guide
Selected experimental pain reports.
In the Losing a body part guide
Selected experimental pain reports.
In the Pain guide
Selected experimental pain reports.
In the Needles guide
Selected experimental pain reports.
NHS: Back pain
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Back guide
Official care thresholds for actual persistent, limiting or acutely severe back pain.
Raymond et al. (2002): Incorporation of pain in dreams of hospitalized burn victims
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Bandages guide
Small prospective clinical study of dreamed pain during actual injury; not bandage symbolism.
NHS: Cuts and grazes
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Bandages guide
Official actual wound-care and emergency guidance; dreams cannot establish healing.
In the Healing guide
Actual wound symptoms and England-specific care routes.
In the Injury guide
Actual wounds and England-specific care routes.
Vallat et al. (2017): Characteristics of the memory sources of dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Abandoned places guide
Participants' associations with mundane, recent and remote experiences.
In the Apartment guide
Participants' associations with mundane, recent and remote experiences.
In the Bags guide
Participants' associations with mundane, recent and remote experiences.
In the Bedroom guide
Participant associations with ordinary and remote waking experiences.
In the Blankets guide
Participant associations with ordinary and remote waking experiences.
In the Bottles guide
Participant associations with ordinary and remote waking experiences.
In the Boxes guide
Participant associations with ordinary and remote waking experiences.
In the Buying guide
Memory associations.
In the Carpets guide
Memory associations.
In the Clothes guide
Memory associations.
In the Dresses guide
Memory associations.
In the Eggs guide
Memory associations.
In the Fruit trees guide
Memory associations.
In the Hotel guide
Memory associations.
In the Lost luggage guide
Memory associations.
In the Museum guide
Memory associations.
In the Photographs guide
Memory associations.
In the Rubbish guide
Memory associations.
In the Shop guide
Memory associations.
In the Stars guide
Participant-identified waking associations.
In the Suitcases guide
Memory associations.
In the Teddy bears guide
Participant-identified associations.
In the Umbrellas guide
Memory associations.
In the Wardrobes guide
Self-identified associations.
Fosse et al. (2003): Dreaming and Episodic Memory: A Functional Dissociation?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Abandoned places guide
Diary comparisons of memory fragments and complete event replay.
In the Attic guide
Diary comparisons of memory fragments and complete event replay.
In the Bags guide
Diary comparisons of memory fragments and complete event replay.
In the Boats guide
Diary evidence about fragments versus intact event replay.
In the Books guide
Diary evidence about fragments versus intact event replay.
In the Bottles guide
Diary evidence about fragments versus intact event replay.
In the Boxes guide
Diary evidence about fragments versus intact event replay.
In the Carpets guide
Memory fragments.
In the Chains guide
Memory fragments.
In the Cleaning guide
Memory fragments.
In the Curtains guide
Memory fragments.
In the Empty cupboards guide
Memory fragments.
In the Gardens guide
Memory fragments.
In the Impossible architecture guide
Memory fragments.
In the Lost possessions guide
Memory fragments.
In the Living underwater guide
Memory-fragment incorporation.
In the Motorcycles guide
Memory fragments.
In the Mushrooms guide
Fragmentary memory incorporation.
In the Nails guide
Memory-fragment incorporation.
In the Paintings guide
Memory fragments.
In the Plates guide
Small diary comparison.
In the Returning to life guide
Small diary comparison.
In the Rubbish guide
Memory fragments.
In the Stairs guide
Memory fragments.
In the Time travel guide
Memory fragments.
In the Tunnels guide
Memory fragments.
In the Treasure guide
Diary memory comparison.
Picard-Deland, Nielsen & Carr (2021) — Dreaming of the sleep lab
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Airports guide
Laboratory-related dream settings and actions, including wayfinding.
In the Balconies guide
Laboratory-related dream settings and actions, including wayfinding.
In the Basement guide
Laboratory-related dream settings and actions, including wayfinding.
In the Bedroom guide
Laboratory settings and activities incorporated into dream reports.
In the Beds guide
Laboratory settings and activities incorporated into dream reports.
In the Bridges guide
Laboratory settings and activities incorporated into dream reports.
In the Caves guide
Laboratory settings.
In the Chairs guide
Laboratory settings.
In the Construction site guide
Laboratory settings.
In the Curtains guide
Laboratory settings.
In the Factory guide
Laboratory settings.
In the Fainting guide
Laboratory context in reports.
In the Gloves guide
Laboratory settings.
In the Hotel guide
Laboratory settings.
In the Living room guide
Laboratory settings.
In the Market guide
Laboratory settings.
In the Office guide
Laboratory settings.
In the Repairing guide
Laboratory settings.
In the Ships guide
Laboratory settings.
In the Subway guide
Laboratory settings.
In the Tables guide
Laboratory setting incorporation.
In the Train stations guide
Laboratory settings.
In the Unknown house guide
Laboratory settings.
In the Warehouse guide
Laboratory settings.
Wamsley et al. (2010) — Dreaming of a Learning Task Is Associated with Enhanced Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Amusement park guide
Virtual-maze task references in subsequent sleep reports.
In the Basement guide
Virtual-maze task references in subsequent sleep reports.
In the Boats guide
Virtual navigation task; not individual route guidance.
In the Bridges guide
Virtual navigation task; not individual route guidance.
In the Cable cars guide
Navigation experiment.
In the Caves guide
Navigation experiment.
In the City guide
Navigation experiment.
In the Deserts guide
Navigation experiment.
In the Keys guide
Navigation experiment.
Peace of mind and anxiety in the waking state are related to the affective content of dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Amusement park guide
Associations across 44 participants; not an individual mood test.
In the Balconies guide
Group associations; not location meanings.
In the Blankets guide
Group-level mood associations, not an object interpretation.
In the Chains guide
Mood associations.
In the Chairs guide
Mood associations.
In the Calm guide
Correlational diary study.
In the Clothes guide
Mood associations.
In the Dresses guide
Mood associations.
In the Relief guide
Observational wellbeing–dream-affect association.
In the Sadness guide
Small observational diary study; no individual diagnosis.
Zadra, Nielsen and Donderi (1998). Prevalence of Auditory, Olfactory, and Gustatory Experiences in Home Dreams.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Amusement park guide
Home diary study documenting several sensory modalities.
In the Baking guide
Reports documenting smell and taste.
In the Bottles guide
Explicit sensory experiences in home dream reports.
In the Eating guide
Explicit sensory reporting.
In the Fish as food guide
Explicit sensory reporting.
In the Guitars guide
Explicit sensory reporting.
In the Silence guide
Home-report sensory coding; reporting limits.
In the Thunder guide
Home-report coding.
In the Touch in dreams guide
Original diary-study Methods and Tables 1–3: explicit sound, smell and taste coding; tactile prevalence was not measured.
In the Vivid dreams guide
Original diary-study Methods and Tables 1–3: 164 participants and 3,372 reports; explicit sensory mentions, with possible underreporting.
Malinowski & Horton (2014): Memory sources of dreams: the incorporation of autobiographical rather than episodic experiences
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Attic guide
Diary study of fragmentary autobiographical content.
In the Balconies guide
Diary study of fragmentary autobiographical content.
In the Basement guide
Diary study of fragmentary autobiographical content.
In the Coats guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Dolls guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Farm guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Grass guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Hotel guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Jewellery guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Letters guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Living room guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Lost luggage guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Market guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Mosque guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Museum guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Necklaces guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Passports guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Photographs guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Plates guide
Two-week autobiographical association study.
In the Roofs guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Seeds guide
Two-week autobiographical diary study.
In the Rings guide
Fragmented autobiographical connections.
In the Signing contracts guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Soil guide
Autobiographical diary comparison.
In the Time travel guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Thorns guide
Diary matching.
In the Unknown house guide
Autobiographical associations.
In the Weeds guide
Diary comparisons.
NOAA (updated 2026). Heading into backcountry snow? Check the forecasts first.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Avalanches guide
Real avalanche forecasts use weather, terrain and snowpack information.
Nielsen and Powell (2015): Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend: food and diet as instigators of bizarre and disturbing dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Baking guide
Student survey of perceived food effects; not causal dietary evidence.
In the Cups guide
Retrospective food attributions.
In the Eating guide
Retrospective food attributions.
In the Eggs guide
Retrospective food attributions.
In the Feasts guide
Retrospective food attributions.
In the Fish as food guide
Retrospective food attributions.
In the Kitchen guide
Retrospective food attributions.
In the Unfamiliar food guide
Self-reported food attributions.
In the Vegetables guide
Food-attribution survey.
Okabe & Abe (2023): Subjectively intense odor does not affect dream emotions during rapid eye movement sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Baking guide
Young-adult experiment using one rose-like odor; not baking-specific.
In the Candles guide
Odor-intensity experiment.
Dreaming about favorite celebrities in two different cultures
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Actors guide
Student questionnaire associations; no evidence of personal contact.
In the Celebrities guide
University-student questionnaires; primary abstract verified through Monash University.
In the Royalty guide
Student celebrity questionnaires; not royal-specific evidence.
Moverley, Schredl & Göritz (2018) — Media dreaming and media consumption – An online study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Actors guide
Media-use survey; individual causation remains open.
In the Artificial intelligence guide
General media associations; no current-model conclusions.
In the Bats guide
Possible media context, not individual causal proof.
In the Bears guide
General media context, not a cause assigned to one bear dream.
In the Badgers guide
Questionnaire associations; no individual causal attribution.
In the Beavers guide
Media associations; adjacent to this motif.
In the Balloons guide
Media-dreaming associations, not individual causes.
In the Black holes guide
Media associations; not astronomical dream evidence.
In the Broken objects guide
Media associations; no individual source attribution.
In the Bulls guide
Reported media-dreaming associations.
In the Dinosaurs guide
Retrospective media survey.
In the Dragons guide
Retrospective media survey.
In the Eruptions guide
Retrospective media associations.
In the Floating islands guide
Retrospective media associations.
In the Hail guide
Retrospective media associations.
In the Helicopters guide
Retrospective media associations.
In the Leaves guide
Retrospective media survey.
In the Hurricanes guide
Retrospective media survey.
In the Ice guide
Retrospective media survey.
In the Landslides guide
Retrospective media survey.
In the Lightning guide
Retrospective media survey.
In the Lilies guide
Retrospective media survey.
In the Meadows guide
Retrospective media survey.
In the Mushrooms guide
Retrospective media associations.
In the Passwords guide
Retrospective media associations.
In the Royalty guide
Retrospective media associations.
In the Roses guide
Retrospective media associations.
In the Social media guide
Retrospective media-use associations.
In the Spaceships guide
Retrospective media associations.
In the Smoke guide
Retrospective survey.
In the Television guide
Retrospective media associations.
In the Swamps guide
Retrospective survey.
In the Video calls guide
Primary cross-sectional survey.
In the Unicorns guide
Retrospective media associations.
Sikka et al. (2014): I know how you felt last night, or do I? Self- and external ratings of emotions in REM sleep dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Actors guide
Methodological reason to distinguish reported feeling from an observer interpretation.
In the Ants guide
Remembered feeling distinguished from outside interpretation.
In the Bats guide
Methodological limits of externally inferred feeling.
In the Beaches guide
Feeling should not be inferred solely from a setting.
In the Bears guide
Limits of inferring feeling from an account externally.
In the Badgers guide
Emotion-rating methods; no species interpretation.
In the Bees guide
Different emotion-rating perspectives.
In the Bulls guide
Emotion-rating differences; no bull-specific inference.
In the Calm guide
Self-versus-observer ratings.
In the Comets guide
Emotion ratings.
In the Cooking guide
Emotion ratings.
In the Eclipses guide
Emotion-rating comparison.
In the Eruptions guide
Emotion-rating comparison.
In the Flowers guide
Emotion-rating comparison.
In the Fog guide
Emotion-rating comparison.
In the Hail guide
Emotion-rating comparison.
In the Leaves guide
Emotion-rating comparison.
In the Shame guide
Laboratory comparison of emotion ratings.
In the Surprise guide
Self and external ratings differ.
In the Vivid dreams guide
Primary laboratory report-rating comparison.
In the Winning guide
Primary laboratory rating comparison.
In the Tornadoes guide
Small rating comparison.
Konkoly et al. (2025): Investigating dreams by strategically presenting sounds during REM sleep to reactivate waking experiences
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Alarms guide
Task-associated sound cues; not everyday alarm interpretation.
In the Radio guide
Experimental sound cues and task incorporation.
In the Scissors guide
Controlled task incorporation.
Raduga et al. (2021) — Emulating alien and UFO encounters in REM sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Aliens guide
Instructed at-home volunteer reports; no proof of external encounters.
McNally and Clancy (2005) — Sleep paralysis, sexual abuse, and space alien abduction
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Aliens guide
Small encounter-claim sample discussed in relation to sleep paralysis.
Germain et al. (2013) — Dream content in complicated grief
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Ancestors guide
Selected clinical sample; not a test for readers or ancestry.
Schredl (2006) — Emotional intensity and emotional tone of the waking-life event
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Ancestors guide
Broad diary evidence, distinct from inherited-memory claims.
In the Ants guide
General diary association; not insect symbolism.
In the Ash guide
General incorporation evidence, not ash-specific meaning.
In the Beaches guide
Broad context for personally salient waking events.
Rittenhouse et al. (1994): Constraint on the Transformation of Characters, Objects, and Settings in Dream Reports
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Animal transformations guide
Original abstract plus a reproduced original object-transformation table; complete paper not reviewed. The table fragment concerns object matching only and does not independently verify character findings or a particular symbol's meaning.
In the Animated objects guide
Original abstract plus a reproduced original object-transformation table; complete paper not reviewed. The table fragment concerns object matching only and does not independently verify character findings or a particular symbol's meaning.
In the Bones guide
Original abstract plus a reproduced original object-transformation table; complete paper not reviewed. The table fragment concerns object matching only and does not independently verify character findings or a particular symbol's meaning.
In the Broken objects guide
Original abstract plus a reproduced original object-transformation table; complete paper not reviewed. The table fragment concerns object matching only and does not independently verify character findings or a particular symbol's meaning.
In the Butterflies guide
Original abstract plus a reproduced original object-transformation table; complete paper not reviewed. The table fragment concerns object matching only and does not independently verify character findings or a particular symbol's meaning.
In the Crowns guide
Original abstract plus a reproduced original object-transformation table; complete paper not reviewed. The table fragment concerns object matching only and does not independently verify character findings or a particular symbol's meaning.
In the Dragons guide
Original abstract plus a reproduced original object-transformation table; complete paper not reviewed. The table fragment concerns object matching only and does not independently verify character findings or a particular symbol's meaning.
Revonsuo & Salmivalli (1995): A content analysis of bizarre elements in dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Animal transformations guide
Diary coding of incongruity, vagueness and discontinuity.
In the Animated objects guide
Descriptive categories for unusual dream elements.
In the Artificial intelligence guide
Historical descriptive research, not an AI capability study.
In the Beavers guide
Content categories, not beaver symbolism.
In the Beetles guide
Unusual content categories; broader context.
In the Balloons guide
Classification of unusual content features.
In the Black holes guide
Unusual elements; not cosmic or diagnostic claims.
In the Bones guide
Body-part and object content categories.
In the Broken objects guide
Unusual content categories, not breakage meanings.
In the Bamboo guide
Plant-content coding.
In the Branches guide
Plant-content coding.
In the Clouds guide
Content coding.
In the Crowns guide
Content categories.
In the Dead plants guide
Plant-content coding.
In the Floating islands guide
Diary-content comparison.
Cicogna et al. (2007): Bizarreness of size and shape in dream images
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Animal transformations guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
In the Animated objects guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
In the Beetles guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
In the Balloons guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
In the Black holes guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
In the Bones guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
In the Butterflies guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
In the Cacti guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
In the Canyons guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
In the Clouds guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
In the Comets guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
In the Dinosaurs guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
In the Floating islands guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
Schredl (2019) — Olfactory perception in dreams: Analysis of a long dream series
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Ash guide
Single-person smell reports; no identification of an external source.
Schredl (2011) — Toilet dreams: Incorporation of waking-life memories?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Bathroom guide
Single-person diary; no measurement of post-waking urinary urgency and no universal interpretation.
In the Faeces and bowel movements guide
Single-person dream-diary study; waking toileting urge was not measured.
Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust: Nocturia — getting up at night to pee
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Bathroom guide
Actual nighttime urinary and sleep difficulties; no diagnosis from bathroom imagery.
NHS: Urinary incontinence — symptoms
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Bathroom guide
Assessment of actual leakage, separate from the contents of a dream.
Murzyn (2008): Do we only dream in colour?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreaming in colour guide
Original abstract and selected journal methods, results and discussion excerpts, supplemented by a separate related account in the author's thesis. The complete journal article was not reviewed. Observational colour-report context; the thesis is not treated as a verified complete journal copy.
In the Rainbows guide
Original abstract and selected journal methods, results and discussion excerpts, supplemented by a separate related account in the author's thesis. The complete journal article was not reviewed. Observational colour-report context; the thesis is not treated as a verified complete journal copy.
In the Roses guide
Original abstract and selected journal methods, results and discussion excerpts, supplemented by a separate related account in the author's thesis. The complete journal article was not reviewed. Observational colour-report context; the thesis is not treated as a verified complete journal copy.
In the Seasons guide
Original abstract and selected journal methods, results and discussion excerpts, supplemented by a separate related account in the author's thesis. The complete journal article was not reviewed. Observational colour-report context; the thesis is not treated as a verified complete journal copy.
In the Shooting stars guide
Original abstract and selected journal methods, results and discussion excerpts, supplemented by a separate related account in the author's thesis. The complete journal article was not reviewed. Observational colour-report context; the thesis is not treated as a verified complete journal copy.
In the Snowy landscapes guide
Original abstract and selected journal methods, results and discussion excerpts, supplemented by a separate related account in the author's thesis. The complete journal article was not reviewed. Observational colour-report context; the thesis is not treated as a verified complete journal copy.
In the Springs guide
Original abstract and selected journal methods, results and discussion excerpts, supplemented by a separate related account in the author's thesis. The complete journal article was not reviewed. Observational colour-report context; the thesis is not treated as a verified complete journal copy.
In the Sun guide
Original abstract and selected journal methods, results and discussion excerpts, supplemented by a separate related account in the author's thesis. The complete journal article was not reviewed. Observational colour-report context; the thesis is not treated as a verified complete journal copy.
In the Sunset guide
Original abstract and selected journal methods, results and discussion excerpts, supplemented by a separate related account in the author's thesis. The complete journal article was not reviewed. Observational colour-report context; the thesis is not treated as a verified complete journal copy.
In the Sunglasses guide
Original abstract and selected journal methods, results and discussion excerpts, supplemented by a separate related account in the author's thesis. The complete journal article was not reviewed. Observational colour-report context; the thesis is not treated as a verified complete journal copy.
In the Wildflowers guide
Original abstract and selected journal methods, results and discussion excerpts, supplemented by a separate related account in the author's thesis. The complete journal article was not reviewed. Observational colour-report context; the thesis is not treated as a verified complete journal copy.
In the Torches guide
Original abstract and selected journal methods, results and discussion excerpts, supplemented by a separate related account in the author's thesis. The complete journal article was not reviewed. Observational colour-report context; the thesis is not treated as a verified complete journal copy.
Murzyn (2012): Imagery and memory for color and the reported color of dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreaming in colour guide
Imagery and colour-memory measures; findings qualify a simple media-exposure explanation.
Schwitzgebel, Huang and Zhou (2006): Do We Dream in Color? Cultural Variations and Skepticism
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreaming in colour guide
Group differences in reports and uncertainty about dream experience versus beliefs about it.
Stevenson and Case (2004): Olfactory Dreams: Phenomenology, Relationship to Volitional Imagery and Odor Identification
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Smells in dreams guide
Questionnaire and odour-identification findings; not an individual ability test or symbolic dictionary.
Schredl (2019): Olfactory perception in dreams: Analysis of a long dream series
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Smells in dreams guide
One person's 11,180 reports; explicit smell mentions are not a population prevalence estimate.
Schredl et al. (2009): Information processing during sleep: the effect of olfactory stimuli on dream content and dream emotions
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Smells in dreams guide
Small controlled REM-sleep experiment; emotional effects without direct smell incorporation, not a treatment trial.
Zadra, Nielsen & Donderi (1998): Prevalence of Auditory, Olfactory, and Gustatory Experiences in Home Dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sounds in dreams guide
Explicit auditory references in home reports; absence of a reference does not prove silence.
In the Fruit guide
Explicit sensory reporting, not fruit symbolism.
In the Taste in dreams guide
Direct diary evidence of reported taste.
In the Bread guide
Original abstract; explicit sensory reports, not bread meanings.
In the Cakes guide
Explicit sensory reports; not cake meanings.
In the Coffee guide
Explicit sensory reports, not implied tasting from an object name.
In the Ears guide
Explicit sensory references in home reports.
In the Tongue guide
Home sensory-report coding.
Fosse & Larøi (2020): Quantifying auditory impressions in dreams in order to assess the relevance of dreaming as a model for psychosis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sounds in dreams guide
Small selected healthy sample with explicit sound-reporting instructions; no individual diagnosis.
In the Radio guide
Prompted auditory reports; small sample.
In the Silence guide
Small sound-focused reporting study.
In the Thunder guide
Directed auditory reporting.
In the Waves guide
Small prompted sample.
In the Waterfalls guide
Small prompted sample.
Music in dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sounds in dreams guide
Original abstract only; small observational diary comparison of musical dreams. Complete paper unavailable; no general auditory rate, individual induction guarantee or talent test.
In the Dancing guide
Original abstract only; small observational month-long musician/non-musician diary comparison. Complete paper unavailable; no dance-specific outcome or performance test.
In the Musicians guide
Original abstract only; small observational musician/non-musician diary comparison. Complete paper unavailable; no performer-identity interpretation or demonstrated training effect.
In the Musical instruments guide
Original abstract only; small month-long observational diary comparison. Complete paper unavailable; broad music content, not instrument meanings or skill improvement.
In the Singing guide
Original abstract only; small observational musician/non-musician diary comparison. Complete paper unavailable; broad music content, not singing-specific prevalence or vocal ability.
In the Music and melodies in dreams guide
Original abstract only; small observational month-long musician/non-musician comparison. Complete paper unavailable; no individual induction, talent or objective-originality test.
McNamara et al. (2011): Sleep architecture and sleep-related mentation in securely and insecurely attached people
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being abandoned guide
Laboratory group comparisons in 64 analysed participants; no individual dream-based attachment test.
In the Being judged guide
Group-level dream-content measures, not an individual psychological verdict.
Tuominen et al. (2022): No Man is an Island
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being abandoned guide
Eighteen-person voluntary-seclusion study; social-interaction and familiar-character results have different directions.
In the Being ignored guide
Small voluntary-seclusion study; interaction and character measures showed different patterns.
NHS Every Mind Matters: Loneliness
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being abandoned guide
Practical options for actual waking loneliness, not an interpretation of dream scenes.
In the Being ignored guide
Optional practical responses to waking loneliness.
Schredl (2021): “Breaking the law” in dreams: Analysis of a long dream series
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being accused guide
Content analysis of one man's 11,808-dream series; broader law themes, not guilt detection.
In the Being arrested guide
One-person diary study; criminal-activity frequency is not a population estimate for arrest dreams.
In the Courthouse guide
Single-person law-breaking content; no validated courthouse interpretation.
In the Judges guide
Single-person content analysis; not a guilt assessment.
In the Police officers guide
Single-diarist pilot.
In the Prison guide
Single-diarist pilot.
In the Robbers guide
Single-diarist pilot.
In the Stealing guide
One dreamer; exploratory descriptions, not a risk assessment.
In the Killing someone guide
One dreamer; exploratory descriptions, not a risk assessment.
Savitsky, Epley and Gilovich (2001): Do others judge us as harshly as we think?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being accused guide
Four waking studies compared anticipated and actual evaluations; no dream-decoding claim.
In the Being embarrassed guide
Four studies of anticipated versus observed social evaluations after mishaps.
In the Being judged guide
Expected and observed evaluations differed in waking experiments.
Valli et al. (2005): The threat simulation theory and dreams of traumatized children
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being attacked guide
Child-group comparison tests theory predictions; it cannot establish individual causes or adaptive benefit.
Coan et al. (2017): Relationship status and perceived support in the social regulation of neural responses to threat
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being comforted guide
Waking handholding study in 110 participants; effects cannot be transferred directly to dream comfort.
In the Being rescued guide
Actual supportive contact; dream effects were not measured.
Blagrove et al. (2019): Testing the empathy theory of dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being comforted guide
Twenty-seven discussion pairs; increased listener empathy, without equivalent non-dream discussion control.
In the Being rescued guide
Dream discussion and listener empathy; no equivalent non-dream narrative control.
The spotlight effect in social judgment (2000)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being embarrassed guide
Waking experiments compared expected and actual attention; neither dream decoding nor a universal guarantee.
In the Being judged guide
Waking attention estimates, distinct from dream interpretation.
In the Changing clothes guide
Waking T-shirt experiments.
In the Costumes guide
Waking experiments; no dream decoding.
Williams, Cheung and Choi (2000): Cyberostracism
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being ignored guide
Online waking exclusion experiment; it does not diagnose the origins of a dream.
In the Being rejected guide
Experimental waking exclusion, not dream-based evidence of actual rejection.
Selterman and Drigotas (2009): Attachment Styles and Emotional Content, Stress, and Conflict in Dreams of Romantic Partners
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being rejected guide
Seven-day correlational study: 44 recruits; 35 contributed 70 partner or relationship dreams.
In the Partner guide
Original author-uploaded paper verified; small observational diary study.
Muth et al. (2017): Feeling watched
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being watched guide
Waking imagery and perceived observers; first experiment n=36, with limits to between-experiment causal inference.
An exploration of employee dreams: The dream-based overnight carryover of emotional experiences at work (2021)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Boss guide
Partial original Methods/Results excerpts and abstract; selected full-time employees with frequent dream recall. Complete article unavailable; observational links only.
In the Colleagues guide
Partial original Methods/Results excerpts and abstract; frequent-recall full-time workers. Complete paper unavailable; no causal or coworker-intention test.
Work-Related Dreams: An Online Survey (2020)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Boss guide
Retrospective survey associations, not boss-specific causal evidence.
In the Firefighters guide
Retrospective work-emotion associations.
Health and Safety Executive: Management Standards — Role
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Boss guide
Official guidance on actual role clarity and conflicting work requirements.
Mainieri et al. (2021) — Are sleep paralysis and false awakenings different from REM sleep and from lucid REM sleep? A spectral EEG analysis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Bedroom guide
Small laboratory study including two recorded false awakenings.
In the Beds guide
Small laboratory study including two recorded false awakenings.
Nielsen (1993). Changes in the Kinesthetic Content of Dreams Following Somatosensory Stimulation of Leg Muscles During REM Sleep.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Blankets guide
Four-volunteer pressure experiment; not a blanket trial.
In the Floors guide
Four-volunteer experiment.
In the Feet guide
Four-volunteer experiment.
In the Gloves guide
Four-volunteer experiment.
In the Hands guide
Four-volunteer experiment.
In the Jumping guide
Four-volunteer experiment.
In the Legs guide
Four-volunteer stimulation experiment.
In the Losing balance guide
Four-person stimulation experiment.
In the Neck guide
Four-person leg-stimulation experiment.
In the Pillows guide
Four-person leg-pressure experiment; not a pillow study.
In the Socks guide
Four-volunteer stimulation experiment.
In the Stomach guide
Four-person leg-pressure experiment.
In the Tingling guide
Small REM leg-pressure experiment.
In the Touch in dreams guide
Primary author reprint; four-person pressure experiment.
Schredl and Hofmann (2003): Continuity between waking activities and dream activities
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Bicycles guide
Activity-dependent associations with measurement limitations.
In the Boots guide
Activity comparison.
In the Buying guide
Activity comparison.
In the Colleagues guide
Correlational activity study; selective overlap.
In the Computers guide
Activity comparison.
In the Cooking guide
Activity comparison.
In the Drinking water guide
Activity comparison.
In the Farm guide
Activity comparison.
In the Harvest guide
Activity comparison.
In the Internet guide
Activity comparison.
In the Knives guide
Activity comparison.
In the Letters guide
Activity comparison.
In the Library guide
Activity comparison.
In the Malfunctioning machines guide
Activity comparison.
In the New job guide
Original study comparing two-week dream diaries with retrospective waking-activity estimates, with acknowledged sampling limits.
In the Missing transport guide
Activity comparison.
In the Office guide
Activity comparison.
In the Performing on stage guide
Correlational diaries; uneven incorporation.
In the Passports guide
Activity comparison.
In the Robots guide
Activity comparison.
In the Scissors guide
Uneven activity incorporation.
In the Stadium guide
Activity comparison.
In the Shoes guide
Activity incorporation limits.
In the Tickets guide
Activity comparison.
In the Sunflowers guide
Diary comparison.
In the Walking guide
Primary comparison of dream diaries with retrospective waking-activity estimates.
In the Trucks guide
Activity comparison.
In the Vegetable patches guide
Activity comparisons.
In the Wallets guide
Diary comparison.
Schredl (2000): Continuity between Waking Life and Dreaming: Are All Waking Activities Reflected Equally Often in Dreams?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Books guide
Partial original first page: Introduction and opening Method, plus the original abstract. Detailed Results and complete sampling methods unavailable; no test of reading impossibility.
In the Documents guide
Partial original Introduction and opening Method, plus abstract-level results; complete paper unavailable. Activity comparison, not document authentication or a reading-capacity test.
In the Factory guide
Partial original Introduction and opening Method, plus abstract-level findings. Complete paper unavailable; no factory-specific production or competence test.
In the Passwords guide
Partial original Introduction and opening Method, with abstract-level findings. Complete paper unavailable; activity frequency, not password memory, computer reliability or account security.
In the Reading difficulty guide
Partial original Introduction and opening Method plus abstract-level findings. Complete paper unavailable; relative activity frequencies, not individual literacy or reading impossibility.
In the Writing guide
Partial original Introduction and opening Method, plus abstract-level activity findings. Complete paper unavailable; no writing-impossibility test, text authentication or inference of intent.
Lambrecht et al. (2013) — Self-rated effects of reading, TV viewing and daily activities on dreaming in adolescents and adults: The UK library study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Books guide
Retrospective perceptions of reading's influence on dreams.
In the Cameras guide
Perceived media influence.
In the Castle guide
Perceived media influence.
In the Cinema guide
Perceived media influence.
In the Curtains guide
Perceived media influence.
In the Library guide
Perceived media influence.
Barrett (1993) — The “Committee of Sleep”: A Study of Dream Incubation for Problem Solving
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Building guide
Participant and judge ratings; no guarantee of useful solutions.
Schredl et al. (2015): Factors affecting the frequency of music dreams: An online study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Bells guide
Self-reported music frequency; not bell-specific.
In the Musicians guide
Retrospective online estimates, not directly counted nightly dream prevalence.
In the Performing on stage guide
Broad retrospective music category.
In the Singing guide
Retrospective music-dream estimates; online sample.
Rechtschaffen & Foulkes (1965): Effect of visual stimuli on dream content
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Bright light guide
Partial original first page: abstract and Introduction only. Very small historical visual-stimulation experiment; complete Methods/Results unavailable and no individual source attribution.
In the Candles guide
Partial original first page: abstract and Introduction; complete Methods/Results unavailable. Historical visual-input context, not a candle-specific experiment.
Paul et al. (2014), Lucid dream induction by visual and tactile stimulation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Bright light guide
Exploratory laboratory induction study; limited results.
Siclari et al. (2017) — The neural correlates of dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Bright light guide
Neural correlates; not bright-light motif evidence.
In the Canyons guide
Reported spatial experience.
In the Corridors guide
Spatial experience.
In the Crossroads guide
Spatial experience.
In the Earth from space guide
EEG report associations.
Nielsen & Powell (2015): Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend: food and diet as instigators of bizarre and disturbing dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fruit guide
Questionnaire evidence on perceived food effects; not experimental fruit causation.
In the Bread guide
Questionnaire evidence; no bread-specific experiment.
In the Cakes guide
Perceived food effects; no cake-specific causal test.
In the Cheese guide
Self-reported attributions; not an experimental cheese assignment.
In the Hunger guide
Questionnaire associations, not feeding experiments.
In the Meat guide
Reported food beliefs.
In the Milk guide
Reported food beliefs.
In the Pasta guide
Questionnaire on perceived food–dream relationships.
In the Rice guide
Self-reported beliefs about food effects.
In the Soup guide
Surveyed food-related beliefs.
In the Spices guide
Perceived dietary effects.
In the Spoiled food guide
Perceived food-dream connections.
In the Sweets guide
Perceived food associations.
In the Tea guide
Perceived dietary associations.
Nielsen et al. (2025): More dreams of the rarebit fiend: food sensitivity and dietary correlates of sleep and dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fruit guide
Survey associations; no fruit-specific interpretation or prescription.
In the Taste in dreams guide
Adjacent dietary survey, not a test of imagined flavour identification.
In the Cheese guide
Observational student survey; mediation is not causal proof.
In the Hunger guide
Self-reported diet, symptoms and dreams.
In the Meat guide
Dietary survey associations.
In the Milk guide
Adjusted survey associations.
In the Pasta guide
Observational student dietary survey.
In the Rice guide
Diet and dream survey associations.
In the Salt guide
Self-reported dietary associations.
In the Soup guide
Correlational dietary survey.
In the Spices guide
Self-reported sleep associations.
In the Spoiled food guide
Correlational dietary evidence.
In the Sweets guide
Self-reported diet associations.
In the Tea guide
Observational survey.
Meaidi et al. (2014): The sensory construction of dreams and nightmare frequency in congenitally blind and late blind individuals
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Taste in dreams guide
Small observational comparison of sensory components across groups.
In the Disability guide
Four-week sensory reports; distinct groups, limited generalisation.
In the Eyes guide
Four-week observational group comparison.
In the Glasses guide
Four-week sensory diary comparison.
In the Dreams and sensory differences guide
Small prospective group comparison; no universal sensory rule.
Lara-Carrasco et al. (2013) — Maternal representations in the dreams of pregnant women: a prospective comparative study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Becoming a parent guide
Selected pregnancy comparison; no validated prediction of parenting.
In the Breastfeeding guide
Adjacent pregnancy evidence; does not validate feeding-scene meanings.
In the Dreams during pregnancy guide
Selected third-trimester diary groups and content coding; no individual prediction.
Nielsen and Paquette (2007) — Dream-associated behaviors affecting pregnant and postpartum women
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Becoming a parent guide
Self-reported infant dreams and behaviours around childbirth.
In the Breastfeeding guide
Reported dream-associated experiences, including post-awakening confusion.
In the Giving birth guide
Self-report groups with different recall windows.
In the Dreams during pregnancy guide
Group comparisons and unequal recall windows; proposed mechanisms remain hypotheses.
In the Dreams after giving birth guide
Postpartum interview study. Author-hosted full text also consulted.
NHS — Sleep and tiredness after having a baby
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Becoming a parent guide
Practical support for actual tiredness and difficulty coping.
In the Dreams after giving birth guide
Practical public guidance on rest and available support.
NHS: Breastfeeding help and support
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Breastfeeding guide
Official guidance on finding practical support for actual feeding questions.
Nielsen (1993) — Changes in kinesthetic dream content following leg stimulation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being buried guide
Four-person laboratory experiment; sensory incorporation, not burial interpretation.
In the Being pulled guide
Experimental leg sensations and movement; four volunteers.
In the Sensory stimulation and dreams guide
Original PDF methods, coding and results inspected; very small selected sample and incomplete blinding.
Sauvageau, Nielsen and Montplaisir (1998): Effects of somatosensory stimulation on dream content in gymnasts and control participants
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being pulled guide
Preliminary comparison of six gymnasts and six controls; not an interpretation study.
Hurovitz, Dunn, Domhoff and Fiss (1999): The dreams of blind men and women
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being unable to see guide
Fifteen adults' sensory reports; observational, not an interpretation of dream sight loss.
Meaidi and colleagues (2014): The sensory construction of dreams and nightmare frequency in congenitally blind and late blind individuals
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being unable to see guide
Four-week observational comparison using morning self-ratings; accepted-manuscript methods and sensory results inspected.
NHS: Vision loss
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Being unable to see guide
Urgency of actual waking vision changes and sudden loss of sight.
In the Eyes guide
Actual symptoms and urgency in England.
Oudiette and colleagues (2018): REM sleep respiratory behaviours match mental content in narcoleptic lucid dreamers
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Breathing guide
Selected narcoleptic lucid dreamers; monitored respiratory correspondence, limited generalisability.
NHS: Shortness of breath
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Breathing guide
Medical urgency concerns actual breathing difficulty.
In the Choking guide
Emergency guidance for actual severe breathing difficulty.
Schredl and Hofmann (2003): Continuity between waking activities and dream activities
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Calling someone guide
Activity-specific diary comparison.
Kumar and Epley (2021): It's surprisingly nice to hear you
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Calling someone guide
Original author-posted paper checked: waking field and laboratory communication experiments, with setting-specific results and substantial field-study follow-up attrition.
Gable, Reis, Impett and Asher (2004): What do you do when things go right?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Celebrations guide
Waking positive-event sharing and perceived responses; not dream-function evidence.
Dunbar (2017). Breaking Bread: the Functions of Social Eating.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Celebrations guide
Observational waking social-eating survey.
In the Bread guide
Waking social-eating survey; not a study of dreams.
Moverley, Schredl & Göritz (2018): Media dreaming and media consumption: An online study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Celebrities guide
Original survey paper; self-report associations, not experimental causation.
In the Clowns guide
Self-report associations; no individual attribution.
In the Messages guide
Retrospective media-use associations; incomplete responses reduced analytical samples.
In the Rainbows guide
Retrospective media associations.
In the Tsunamis guide
Correlational media survey.
Kahn et al. (2002): Emotion and cognition: feeling and character identification in dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Celebrities guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Faceless people guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Face guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Grandchildren guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Masks guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Mother guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
In the Parents guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
Koppehele-Gossel et al. (2016): A template model of embodiment while dreaming: Proposal of a mini-me
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Changing appearance guide
Original abstract only; a body-focused experiment using keyword-coded dream reports and a proposed embodiment model. Complete methods and results not reviewed. A null result for the tested manipulations is not proof that bodily experience never influences dreams.
In the Changing identity guide
Original abstract only; a body-focused experiment using keyword-coded dream reports and a proposed embodiment model. Complete methods and results not reviewed. A null result for the tested manipulations is not proof that bodily experience never influences dreams.
In the Crutches guide
Original abstract only; a body-focused experiment using keyword-coded dream reports and a proposed embodiment model. Complete methods and results not reviewed. A null result for the tested manipulations is not proof that bodily experience never influences dreams.
Diers and colleagues (2025): Body representation in dreams of congenital and early-life amputees
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Changing appearance guide
Cross-sectional body-history association in a specific population; no symbolic interpretation.
Chauhan and colleagues (2022): Dissociation between dreams and wakefulness
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Changing appearance guide
Questionnaire with three rare sensory-loss cases, followed by diaries from two participants. Complete original manuscript consulted; preliminary findings and recall bias limit generalisation.
In the Changing identity guide
Three rare sensory-loss cases; body/action representation, not identity diagnosis.
Bauer and Larkina (2014): The onset of childhood amnesia in childhood
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Childhood self guide
Prospective childhood-memory study.
van der Heijden et al. (2024): Sensational Dreams: The Prevalence of Sensory Experiences in Dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Boots guide
Prompted sensory diaries.
In the Carpets guide
Prompted sensory diaries.
In the Ceilings guide
Prompted sensory diaries.
In the Cleaning guide
Sensory reports.
In the Coats guide
Sensory reports.
In the Coins guide
Sensory reports.
In the Cold guide
Prompted sensory reports.
In the Cups guide
Sensory reports.
In the Drinking water guide
Sensory reports.
In the Eggs guide
Sensory reports.
In the Glasses guide
Sensory reports.
In the Grass guide
Sensory reports.
In the Lamps guide
Sensory reports.
In the Lighthouse guide
Sensory reports.
In the Northern lights guide
Sensory reports.
In the Pianos guide
Sensory reports.
In the Ropes guide
Sensory reports.
In the Salt guide
Prompted sensory reports.
In the Sliding guide
Sensory reports.
In the Submarines guide
Sensory reports.
In the Touch in dreams guide
Primary sensory questionnaire study.
In the Umbrellas guide
Sensory reports.
In the Torches guide
Prompted sensory diaries.
Elce et al. (2026): Individual traits and experiences predict the content of dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cameras guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Castle guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Cacti guide
Setting-language analysis.
In the Canyons guide
Setting-language analysis.
In the Construction site guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Clouds guide
Setting analysis.
In the Cooking guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Earth from space guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Eclipses guide
Dream/waking semantic comparison.
In the Endless spaces guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Floors guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Fields guide
Dream–waking report comparison.
In the Fog guide
Dream–waking report comparison.
In the Furniture guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Gardens guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Glaciers guide
Dream–waking report comparison.
In the Impossible architecture guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Keys guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Jungles guide
Dream–waking report comparison.
In the Lakes guide
Dream–waking report comparison.
In the Living room guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Locks guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Maps guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Mosque guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Moving rooms guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Museum guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Navigation devices guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Paintings guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Parallel worlds guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Planets guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Roofs guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Ruins guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Shopping mall guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Skyscraper guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Suitcases guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Theatre guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Tunnels guide
Report-language analysis.
In the Toys guide
Report-language comparison.
Horikawa et al. (2013): Neural decoding of visual imagery during sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cameras guide
Sleep-onset imagery.
In the Ceilings guide
Sleep-onset imagery.
In the Crystals guide
Sleep-onset imagery.
In the Lamps guide
Sleep-onset imagery.
In the Mirrors guide
Sleep-onset imagery.
In the Northern lights guide
Sleep-onset imagery.
In the Paintings guide
Sleep-onset imagery.
In the Photographs guide
Sleep-onset imagery.
In the Power failure guide
Three-person sleep-onset imaging study.
In the Scissors guide
Broad visual-category decoding.
In the Spaceships guide
Sleep-onset imagery.
In the Sky guide
Broad visual-category prediction.
In the Television guide
Sleep-onset imagery.
In the Sunglasses guide
Broad visual-category prediction.
In the Tools guide
Broad visual categories.
In the Tower guide
Sleep-onset imagery.
In the Windows guide
Sleep-onset imagery.
In the Torches guide
Sleep-onset visual categories.
Ribeiro, Gounden & Quaglino (2021) — Enhancement of spatial memories at the associative and relational levels after a full night of sleep and likelihood of dream incorporation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Caves guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the City guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Deserts guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Escalators guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Furniture guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Impossible architecture guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Locks guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Maps guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Navigation devices guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Parking guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Paths guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Roads guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Ruins guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Shopping mall guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Stairs guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Subway guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Teleportation guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Tunnels guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Underwater places guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Valleys guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Wells guide
Virtual spatial task.
In the Windows guide
Virtual spatial task.
The Impact of Dreams of the Deceased on Bereavement: A Survey of Hospice Caregivers
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cemetery guide
Bereaved respondents' experiences.
In the Returning to life guide
Bereaved respondents' perceptions; publisher abstract verified.
In the Reunions guide
Bereavement self-reports; abstract access.
Comforting Versus Distressing Dreams of the Deceased: Relations to Grief, Trauma, Attachment, Continuing Bonds, and Post-Dream Reactions
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cemetery guide
Dream reports after partner loss.
In the Returning to life guide
Selected partner-bereavement sample; original methods and correlational results inspected.
Haar Horowitz et al. (2023): Targeted dream incubation at sleep onset increases post-sleep creative performance
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Bamboo guide
Tree-prompt experiment.
In the Branches guide
Tree-prompt experiment.
In the Cacti guide
Tree-prompt experiment.
In the Dead plants guide
Tree-prompt experiment.
In the Flowers guide
Experiment with tree prompts.
In the Fruit trees guide
Cued sleep-onset experiment.
In the Lilies guide
Controlled tree-theme experiment.
In the Meadows guide
Controlled tree-theme experiment.
Haar Horowitz et al. (2026) — Targeted dream incubation at sleep onset can influence later dream content in REM sleep: a pilot study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Bamboo guide
Small uncontrolled pilot.
In the Branches guide
Uncontrolled tree-theme pilot.
In the Dead plants guide
Uncontrolled tree-prompt pilot.
In the Flowers guide
Uncontrolled tree-theme pilot.
In the Gardens guide
Small tree-incubation pilot.
In the Harvest guide
Small tree-incubation pilot.
Tian et al. (2023): Typical images of animals in dreams: Results from a content analysis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Camels guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Caterpillars guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Centipedes guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Chameleons guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Cheetahs guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Chickens guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Cockroaches guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Cows guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Crabs guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Crocodiles guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Crows guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Deer guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Donkeys guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Doves guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Dragonflies guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Eagles guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Elephants guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Flamingos guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Fleas guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Flies guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Foxes guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Frogs guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Geese guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Giraffes guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Gorillas guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Hares guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Hedgehogs guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Injured animals guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Jellyfish guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Kangaroos guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Leopards guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Lions guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Llamas guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Lost pets guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Monkeys guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Moths guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Octopuses guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Ostriches guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Owls guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Pandas guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Parrots guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Peacocks guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Pigs guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Rabbits guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Raccoons guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Salamanders guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Scorpions guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Seagulls guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Sheep guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Skunks guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Snails guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Squirrels guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Swans guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Ticks guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Tigers guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Turtles guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Wasps guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Wolves guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
In the Worms guide
Abstract-only supplementary context: descriptive animal-dream analysis. Original paper not reviewed in full; not evidence for an individual interpretation or prediction.
In the Zebras guide
Supplementary original-abstract context only; complete methods and results not inspected. Descriptive content analysis, not a test of this scene's personal meaning.
In the Zoo guide
Supplementary abstract-only background; original full text not reviewed. Descriptive categories for animal reports, not a validated species code or personal psychological assessment.
Martinec Nováková et al. (2024): Nocturnal exposure to a preferred ambient scent does not affect dream emotionality or post-sleep core affect valence in young adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Candles guide
Ambient-scent experiment.
Sikka et al. (2022): Negative dream affect is associated with next-day affect level, but not with affect reactivity or affect regulation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Calm guide
Mood and regulation study.
Vohs, Wang, Gino & Norton (2013). Rituals Enhance Consumption.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cakes guide
Original methods and results inspected; waking consumption experiments, not dream evidence.
NHS. Lactose intolerance.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cheese guide
Official guidance for actual symptoms and dietary changes.
NHS. Chest pain.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Chest guide
Official guidance for actual symptoms, not dream imagery.
Dreaming About One's Own Children: An Online Survey (2021)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Children guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Adults' retrospective estimates of dreams about their own or fictive children; no child-perspective assessment, welfare inference or prediction of parenthood.
Sándor et al. (2015) — Content analysis of 4 to 8 year-old children's dream reports
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Children guide
Home collection with trained parents; children's reports, not adult symbolism.
In the Dreams in childhood and adolescence guide
Selected home reports from 40 children; collection and age limits matter.
Factors affecting nightmares in children: parents' vs. children's ratings (2009)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Children guide
Questionnaire comparison; parent and child nightmare estimates differed.
Domhoff, Meyer-Gomes & Schredl (2006) — Dreams as the expression of conceptions and concerns: A comparison of German and American college students
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Classmates guide
Group comparison; descriptive content.
In the Selling guide
Selected student reports; adjacent shopping context.
In the Siblings guide
Student content analysis; combined parent/sibling category.
In the Shop guide
Selected student reports.
Fear of clowns: An investigation into the aetiology of coulrophobia (2023)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Clowns guide
Selected self-report sample; endorsed explanations do not establish causation or dream meaning.
Clown doctors as a treatment for preoperative anxiety in children: a randomized, prospective study (2005)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Clowns guide
Small clinical trial of waking encounters; not a dream study.
Schredl et al. (2020): Work-Related Dreams: An Online Survey
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Colleagues guide
Retrospective work-content estimates; coworkers alone were excluded by definition.
In the Job interviews guide
Retrospective work survey, not interview-specific evidence.
In the Losing a job guide
Retrospective work-stress and dream associations; no prediction of dismissal.
In the New job guide
Full original survey; retrospective associations, not predictions about a new job.
In the Payday guide
Retrospective work-content associations; no wage prediction.
In the Presentations guide
General work-dream associations, not presentation-specific evidence.
In the Soldiers guide
Occupational self-report associations; not military-specific.
Dreaming and waking: similarities and differences revisited (2011)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Confusion guide
Two analyses of the same 16 frequent dream recallers; subjective cognition and home-based sleep monitoring, not diagnostic dream content.
Comparing the phenomenological qualities of stimulus-independent thought, stimulus-dependent thought and dreams using experience sampling (2021)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Confusion guide
Seven-day student self-reports; sampling and nighttime interruption limitations.
NHS: Sudden confusion (delirium)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Confusion guide
Urgent guidance for actual sudden waking confusion, not dream plots.
In the Fever guide
Urgency for sudden waking confusion.
Pandemic Dreams: Network Analysis of Dream Content During the COVID-19 Lockdown (2020)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Contamination guide
Crowdsourced content analysis; selected reports, not infection detection.
Does COVID-19 impact the frequency of threatening events in dreams? (2021)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Contamination guide
Comparison of 91 dreams per period from separate samples; no statistically significant difference in disease-event frequency.
NHS: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), overview
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Contamination guide
Waking obsessions, compulsions and support; not a dream diagnostic rule.
When dreaming is believing: the (motivated) interpretation of dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Courthouse guide
Interpretation judgements; not accuracy.
In the Guilt guide
Meaning attribution, not verification.
In the Judges guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Social media guide
Interpretation and judgement experiments.
In the Thorns guide
Interpretation experiments.
In the Culture and dream research guide
Original abstract on beliefs and judgements.
Schredl (2013). Dreams of core family members in a long dream series.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cousins guide
Parents and siblings in one record; not cousin-specific evidence.
In the Family gatherings guide
One man's longitudinal diary.
In the Father guide
Changing interactions in one man's diary.
In the Grandchildren guide
Parents and siblings; not grandchild-specific.
In the Grandparents guide
One core-family diary; not grandparent-specific.
In the Mother guide
One man's longitudinal dream series; descriptive changes do not establish universal family meanings.
In the Parents guide
Single-person longitudinal content analysis; no individual interpretation rule.
In the Reunions guide
One male diarist over 23 years.
In the Siblings guide
Single male diarist; family coding.
In the Stepfamily guide
Single dreamer; archived original methods and results checked; not stepfamily-specific evidence.
In the Twins guide
Primary single-person diary analysis; not twin-specific.
Family members in a long dream series (2021)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cousins guide
One woman's longitudinal family content; no demonstrated relationship-repair function.
In the Family gatherings guide
One woman's longitudinal family content.
In the Father guide
Single-person variation; no normative frequency.
In the Grandchildren guide
One woman's family diary; limited generalisability.
In the Grandparents guide
Individual longitudinal family pattern.
Relationship and personality factors predict longitudinal changes in dream content (2025)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cousins guide
Diary associations; no individual decoding.
Why crying does and sometimes does not seem to alleviate mood: A quasi-experimental study (2015)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Crying guide
Film-related waking mood comparison; no random assignment to cry or dream-catharsis test.
How You Measure Is What You Get: Differences in Self- and External Ratings of Emotional Experiences in Home Dreams (2017)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Crying guide
Rating-method comparison; emotion-report limits.
Tears evoke the intention to offer social support: A systematic investigation of the interpersonal effects of emotional crying across 41 countries (2021)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Crying guide
Preregistered image experiment; support intentions, not observed help or dream function.
Church Dreams in a Long Dream Series of a Benedictine Nun (2024)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Church guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. One Benedictine nun's long diary provides church-setting context, not universal religious meanings or evidence of wellbeing effects.
Dreaming of God and the Role of Faith in Everyday Life: An Empirical Study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Church guide
Predominantly Christian convenience sample; self-reported beliefs and content associations.
In the Religious figures guide
Predominantly Christian retrospective survey.
Schredl (2022): Music topics in a long dream series
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Church guide
Earlier diary dataset from the same nun; not independent replication.
In the Singing guide
One woman's diary; music-content analysis.
Klepel & Schredl (2019) — Correlation of task-related dream content with memory performance of a film task – A pilot study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cinema guide
Film experiment.
Palmieri et al. (2026) — Incorporation of complex narratives into dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cinema guide
Audiobook experiment.
In the Dolls guide
Audiobook experiment.
In the Magic guide
Audiobook experiment.
Malinowski & Horton (2014): Evidence for the preferential incorporation of emotional waking-life experiences into dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cleaning guide
Diary associations.
In the Drought guide
Diary associations.
In the Roots guide
Emotional diary associations.
In the Sunset guide
Diary association.
Sterpenich et al. (2020) — Fear in dreams and in wakefulness: Evidence for day/night affective homeostasis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cliffs guide
Fear associations.
In the Collapsing buildings guide
Fear associations.
In the Knives guide
Fear associations.
In the Monsters guide
Fear associations.
In the Rescuing someone guide
Fear associations.
In the Sinking ships guide
Fear associations.
In the Vampires guide
Fear associations.
In the Zombies guide
Fear associations.
Dement & Kleitman (1957): The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity: An objective method for the study of dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Clocks guide
Laboratory duration judgements.
In the Time passing guide
Original paper reprint; short interval judgements.
Schredl (2004) — Seasons in dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Coats guide
Seasonal report comparison.
Stickgold et al. (2000) — Replaying the Game: Hypnagogic Images in Normals and Amnesics
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Computers guide
Sleep-onset game imagery.
In the Malfunctioning machines guide
Sleep-onset game imagery.
In the Repairing guide
Sleep-onset game imagery.
Wamsley et al. (2010) — Cognitive replay of visuomotor learning at sleep onset: temporal dynamics and relationship to task performance
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Computers guide
Ski-game experiment.
Bulkeley (2009): Seeking patterns in dream content: A systematic approach to word searches
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Comets guide
Content searches.
In the Eclipses guide
Content-classification method.
Fogel et al. (2018): A Novel Approach to Dream Content Analysis Reveals Links Between Learning-Related Dream Incorporation and Cognitive Abilities
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Corridors guide
Navigation-task reports.
In the Crossroads guide
Navigation-task reports.
Wamsley & Stickgold (2019): Dreaming of a learning task is associated with enhanced memory consolidation: Replication in an overnight sleep study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Corridors guide
Navigation-task reports.
In the Crossroads guide
Navigation-task reports.
Dresler et al. (2011) — Dreamed movement elicits activation in the sensorimotor cortex
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Crawling guide
Dreamed hand movement.
In the Hands guide
Lucid hand-movement experiment.
Speth & Speth (2016): Motor imagery in REM sleep is increased by transcranial direct current stimulation of the left motor cortex (C3)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Crawling guide
Laboratory motor imagery.
Gardiner et al. (2025): Dose and timing effects of caffeine on subsequent sleep: a randomized clinical crossover trial
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Coffee guide
Small male sample; measured caffeine exposure and sleep, not coffee dreams.
Drake et al. (2013): Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Coffee guide
Small controlled waking-dose experiment; not an interpretation study.
Okamoto-Mizuno et al. (2009): Effects of low ambient temperature on heart rate variability during sleep in humans
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cold guide
Original abstract only. Small male sample and heart-rate variability outcomes; no dream-content measure or recommended bedroom temperature.
NHS: Hypothermia
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Cold guide
Official guidance for actual cold exposure, not dream symbolism.
Diers et al. (2025): Body representation in dreams of congenital and early-life amputees
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Crutches guide
Retrospective adult survey; adjacent body-representation evidence, not crutch meanings.
In the Disability guide
Retrospective group associations; no individual preference inference.
In the Extra body parts guide
Cross-sectional histories and recalled bodies.
In the Growing larger guide
Binary recall outcome in a retrospective comparison.
George Eliot Hospital: Using crutches and sticks
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Crutches guide
Official guidance for individually assessed equipment.
NHS: Dysphagia (swallowing problems)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Choking guide
Actual swallowing symptoms require clinical assessment.
Schredl (2021). Clocks in Dreams: Analysis of a Long Dream Series.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dates guide
Single diary; timepieces, not date prediction.
In the Waiting guide
Primary single-person diary analysis; content, not prediction.
In the Work deadlines guide
Primary diary analysis; single dreamer and content-level limits.
Constructive episodic simulation in dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dates guide
Laboratory reports; attributed sources.
In the Dreaming of the future guide
Attributed sources; no prediction test.
In the Job interviews guide
Participant-identified anticipated sources; no prophecy test.
In the Marriage proposal guide
Laboratory reports and retrospective source identification; anticipated events are not predictions.
In the New job guide
Laboratory reports; participants identified sources.
In the Older self guide
Full original; anticipated events, not forecasts.
In the Payday guide
Participant-attributed future associations.
In the Presentations guide
Laboratory reports and participant source attribution.
In the Seasons guide
Self-identified anticipated events.
In the Snow guide
Participant-made connections.
In the Sunrise guide
Self-identified anticipated events.
In the Weeds guide
Retrospective source identification.
In the Fuel and charging stations guide
Self-attributed associations with anticipated events.
In the Refrigerators guide
Self-attributed associations with anticipated events.
In the Ferries guide
Self-attributed associations with anticipated events.
Psychological factors in precognitive dream experiences (2014)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dates guide
Experimental recall bias; no individual verdict.
In the Dreaming of the future guide
Randomly paired materials; matching judgments.
In the End of the world guide
Experimental matching and recall.
Over-indebtedness and its association with sleep and sleep medication use (2019)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Debts guide
Cross-sectional financial and sleep association.
Financial Strain is a Significant Correlate of Sleep Continuity Disturbances in Late-Life (2008)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Debts guide
Small older-adult sample with polysomnography; no dream meanings.
Will students pass a competitive exam that they failed in their dreams? (2014)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Diplomas guide
Selected survey respondents; correlation, not individual forecasting.
Theory of Mind in Dreaming: Awareness of Feelings and Thoughts of Others in Dreams (2005)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Discovering a secret guide
Abstract checked, with an opening-page preview only; complete original paper unavailable. Dreamers' attributions of thoughts and feelings to characters, not verification of a real person's private knowledge.
The lack of thematic continuity in dreams with scene and plot discontinuities (2025)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dream loops guide
Selected discontinuous narratives; no direct loop-mechanism test.
Remembering the past and imagining the future: common and distinct neural substrates during event construction and elaboration (2007)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreaming of the future guide
Waking tasks, not dreams.
Vallat et al. (2017): Characteristics of the memory sources of dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreaming of the past guide
Self-attributed sources across time.
In the Foreign country guide
Self-attributed waking sources.
In the Hidden rooms guide
Self-attributed sources; verification limited.
In the Seedlings guide
Self-identified waking elements.
In the Snow guide
Self-identified associations.
In the Surprise guide
Emotion checklist.
In the Sunflowers guide
Self-identified sources.
In the Trees guide
Self-identified sources.
Daydreams and nap dreams: Content comparisons (2015)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams during naps guide
Laboratory group comparisons; the complete original article manuscript reproduced in Carr's institutional thesis, section 2.2, was checked. Final typeset journal version not retrieved.
Mental activity after early afternoon nap awakenings in healthy subjects (2004)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams during naps guide
Ten-person laboratory study; complete main article consulted through an author-linked public transcription. Figure pixels were not reviewed.
Dreaming during non-rapid eye movement sleep in the absence of prior rapid eye movement sleep (2004)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams during naps guide
Intensive experimental nap schedule; original Methods and Results inspected. Not a recommended sleep routine.
NHS — Excessive daytime sleepiness (hypersomnia)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams during naps guide
Consultation based on daytime impact.
In the Sleep inertia guide
Official distinction from tiredness and advice when daytime sleep or sleepiness affects life; not a diagnosis from grogginess.
In the Sleep debt and catch-up sleep guide
Official help thresholds inspected; not a diagnosis from a sleep-debt estimate.
In the Napping and nighttime sleep guide
Official advice about repeated daytime sleep and its impact.
In the Sleepiness and fatigue guide
Official advice about repeated daytime sleep and its impact.
Using Real-time Reporting to Investigate Visual Experiences in Dreams (2026)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Darkness guide
Small lucid-dream experiment; author full text verified.
Nothingness Is All There Is: An Exploration of Objectless Awareness During Sleep (2022)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Darkness guide
Selected interviews; no physiological sleep-stage verification.
Nishida & Goro (2025): Dreaming, insomnia, and choreographic creativity of young female dancers: A cross-sectional preliminary study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dancing guide
Small role-based questionnaire comparison.
Erlacher et al. (2014): Time for actions in lucid dreams: effects of task modality, length, and complexity
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dancing guide
Timed laboratory tasks; no dance-performance test.
In the Distance guide
Task durations, not landscape measurements.
Visual perspective, distance, and felt presence of others in dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Distance guide
Retrospective spatial questionnaire.
In the Living underwater guide
Reported spatial experience.
In the Rocks guide
Retrospective spatial questionnaire.
In the Rivers guide
Self-reported spatial experience.
In the Shrinking guide
Retrospective spatial questionnaire.
In the Sizes guide
Spatial questionnaire only.
In the Sky guide
Self-reported dream perspective.
In the First-person and observer perspectives in dreams guide
Online questionnaire of 530 volunteers, with a forced choice of dominant perspective across their last three recalled dreams. Complete original manuscript consulted; retrospective recall, missing data and volunteer selection limit generalisation.
Iosifescu Enescu & Hurni (2018): Pinpointing Dream Settings onto Place Cookies
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Distance guide
Proposed visualisation convention; no validated symbolic meaning.
In the Wildflowers guide
Proposed mapping method.
In the Waterfalls guide
Proposed mapping method.
Escolà-Gascón et al. (2025) — Placebo effects in alternative medical treatments for anxiety: false hope or healing potential?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Crystals guide
Waking placebo comparison.
NHS: Excessive thirst
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Drinking water guide
Persistent waking thirst.
In the Thirst guide
Actual persistent thirst guidance.
Nielsen et al. (2025): More dreams of the rarebit fiend: food sensitivity and dietary correlates of sleep and dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Eating guide
Dietary questionnaire associations.
In the Empty cupboards guide
Dietary questionnaire associations.
In the Fish as food guide
Dietary questionnaire associations.
In the Kitchen guide
Dietary questionnaire associations.
In the Unfamiliar food guide
Questionnaire associations.
In the Vegetables guide
Observational questionnaire study.
Schredl (2020) — “It’s raining again” – Bad weather in a long dream series
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Deserts guide
One dream series.
Schredl (2004) — Seasons in Dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Drought guide
Seasonal report comparison.
In the Farm guide
Seasonal report comparison.
In the Fruit trees guide
Seasonal report comparison.
In the Grass guide
Seasonal report comparison.
In the Umbrellas guide
Seasonal reports.
Tempesta et al. (2013) — Long-Term Impact of Earthquakes on Sleep Quality
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Earthquakes guide
Actual disaster exposure.
US Geological Survey — Can you predict earthquakes?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Earthquakes guide
Prediction limits.
Lipnicki (2026) — Observer Dreams: Criteria and Frequency
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Earth from space guide
Archived report classification.
In the Invisibility guide
Archived report classification.
Black et al. (2019): Who dreams of the deceased? The roles of dream recall, grief intensity, attachment, and openness to experience
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Deceased pets guide
Original abstract only, including a recent dog-and-cat bereavement survey. Recall associations do not measure love, explain an individual dream or cover every kind of pet loss.
Packman et al. (2012): Therapeutic Implications of Continuing Bonds Expressions following the Death of a Pet
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Deceased pets guide
Pet-loss interviews.
Blue Cross: Coping with the loss of a pet? A support guide for adults and children
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Deceased pets guide
Practical pet-loss support.
Fogli et al. (2020): Our dreams, our selves: automatic analysis of dream reports
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dinosaurs guide
Character-coding limits.
Schweickert & Xi (2010): Metamorphosed Characters in Dreams: Constraints of Conceptual Structure and Amount of Theory of Mind
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dragons guide
Character-transformation comparison.
In the Face guide
Selected transformation reports and matched controls.
NHS: Dental check-ups
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dentists guide
Actual oral-health assessment and individual follow-up.
NHS — Teeth grinding (bruxism)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dentists guide
Actual symptoms and assessment, not dream diagnosis.
In the Teeth grinding during sleep guide
Official page read; reviewed April 2026. Seeking dental advice and the protective purpose of guards or splints.
Schredl et al. (2016). Health dreams, health-related worries, and being ill: A questionnaire study.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Doctors guide
Retrospective health-dream associations, not diagnostic validation.
In the Fainting guide
Retrospective health-dream associations.
In the Healing guide
Questionnaire associations, not a diagnostic test.
In the Stomach guide
Retrospective health associations.
In the Surgery guide
Questionnaire associations; no prognosis.
In the Therapists guide
Broad health-dream association.
In the Vomiting guide
Primary questionnaire report; association, not diagnosis.
Picard-Deland, Nielsen and Carr (2021): Dreaming of the sleep lab
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Doctors guide
Laboratory incorporation, not medical diagnosis.
In the Hospital guide
Laboratory-setting incorporation.
In the Medical tests guide
Laboratory-setting incorporation.
In the Nurses guide
Actual laboratory-setting incorporation.
In the Pillows guide
Incorporation of laboratory settings.
In the Restaurant guide
Incorporation of laboratory context.
In the Sofas guide
Laboratory-context incorporation.
NHS: GP appointments and bookings
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Doctors guide
Arranging care for actual concerns.
van der Heijden et al. (2024): Sensational Dreams: The Prevalence of Sensory Experiences in Dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Ears guide
Seven-day prompted reports from a selected sample.
In the Eyes guide
Seven-day prompted sensory diary.
In the Head guide
Selected sensory diary sample.
In the Hunger guide
Sensory reports, not nutritional tests.
In the Itching guide
Sensory diary reports.
In the Meat guide
Reported senses.
In the Milk guide
Reported senses.
In the Mouth guide
Reported sensory experiences.
In the Rain guide
Sensory diary comparison.
In the Pasta guide
Prompted sensory reports.
In the Power failure guide
Prompted sensory reports.
In the Roses guide
Prompted sensory diaries.
In the Skin guide
Home sensory questionnaires.
In the Smoke guide
Prompted sensory diaries.
In the Sweating guide
Sensory questionnaires.
In the Sunshine guide
Sensory questionnaires.
NHS: Hearing loss
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Ears guide
Guidance for actual hearing changes, not dream imagery.
Pandemic Dreams: Network Analysis of Dream Content During the COVID-19 Lockdown (2020)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the End of the world guide
Crowdsourced content; association, not forecasting.
Evolutionary function of dreams: A test of the threat simulation theory in recurrent dreams (2006)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Escaping guide
Content ratings; mixed theoretical support.
In the Guns guide
Mixed theory support; no performance experiment.
In the Hiding guide
Recurrent-dream content, not current threat detection.
In the Getting stuck guide
Content study; no demonstrated training effect.
Autobiographical memory sources of threats in dreams (2018)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Escaping guide
Partial original Participants, Results and Discussion excerpts plus abstract; complete paper unavailable. Selected young-adult diary associations, not individual causation or evidence of an unremembered threat.
Kahn et al. (2000). Dreaming and waking consciousness: A character recognition study.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Faceless people guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Firefighters guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Royalty guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Siblings guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Twins guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
Dream content: Individual and generic aspects (2007)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Faceless people guide
Small report-grouping experiments; conditional inference.
Sterpenich et al. (2020) — Fear in dreams and in wakefulness: Evidence for day/night affective homeostasis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fear guide
Diary and fMRI associations; noncausal.
In the Why do we dream? guide
Dream-fear and waking-response associations, not a treatment trial.
Fear in dreams predicts stronger affect reactivity in wakefulness (2026)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fear guide
EEG associations; regulation result nonsignificant.
A 'Jekyll and Hyde' within: aggressive versus friendly interactions in REM and non-REM dreams (2005)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fighting guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Small home-recording comparison of coded social interactions; no individual sleep-stage inference, aggression assessment or crowd-threat prediction.
North Bristol NHS Trust: Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep Behaviour Disorder
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fighting guide
Actual sleep behaviour.
The Development of a Sleep Intervention for Firefighters: The FIT-IN Study (2020)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Firefighters guide
Uncontrolled occupational pilot; no symbol interpretation.
International REACH forgiveness intervention: a multisite randomised controlled trial (2024)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Forgiveness guide
Waking workbook trial; two-week comparison.
Forgiving you is hard, but forgetting seems easy: can forgiveness facilitate forgetting? (2014)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Forgiveness guide
Hypothetical incidents; instructed memory task.
Dreaming of Europe: Locations in a long dream series of an US American (2025)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Foreign country guide
One traveller's longitudinal dream diary.
Languages in dreams: A diary study (2024)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Foreign country guide
Diary associations, not a fluency test.
Schredl (2020) — “What Goes Up Must Come Down”—Elevators in a Long Dream Series
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Elevator guide
Original abstract only; one dreamer’s long diary, including unusual elevator movement. Complete article unavailable; no population prevalence or symbolic validation.
In the Malfunctioning machines guide
Original abstract only; unusual elevator scenes in one dreamer’s diary. Complete article unavailable; no general malfunction prevalence or psychological equipment code.
Erdeniz et al. (2023) — Visual perspective, distance, and felt presence of others in dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Elevator guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Endless spaces guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Floating guide
Reported visual perspective.
In the Fog guide
Reported viewpoint and distance.
In the Helicopters guide
Reported dream perspective.
In the Growing larger guide
Retrospective viewpoint and distance survey.
In the Invisibility guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Journeys guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Islands guide
Reported viewpoints.
In the Lighthouse guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Mirrors guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Motorcycles guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Navigation devices guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Outer space guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Parallel worlds guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Passengers guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Planets guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Roads guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Roofs guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Skyscraper guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Teleportation guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Tower guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Underwater places guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
In the Valleys guide
Retrospective perspective questionnaire.
Iosifescu Enescu & Hurni (2017): Fictional volunteered geographic information in Dream Cartography
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fields guide
Survey of setting recognition.
In the Glaciers guide
Setting-recognition survey.
In the Islands guide
Setting-recognition survey.
In the Jungles guide
Setting-recognition survey.
In the Lakes guide
Setting-recognition survey.
In the Lighthouse guide
Dream cartography proposal.
In the Northern lights guide
Dream cartography proposal.
In the Moss guide
Dream-location questionnaire.
In the Mud guide
Dream-location questionnaire.
In the Paths guide
Dream cartography proposal.
In the Planets guide
Dream cartography proposal.
In the Palms guide
Dream-location questionnaire.
In the Rain guide
Dream-location questionnaire.
In the Road trips guide
Dream cartography proposal.
In the Rocks guide
Self-reported setting recognition.
In the Rivers guide
Reported dream locations.
In the Ships guide
Dream cartography proposal.
In the Skyscraper guide
Dream cartography proposal.
In the Springs guide
Reported setting recognition.
In the Sky guide
Reported place relationships.
In the Submarines guide
Dream cartography proposal.
In the Swamps guide
Mapping-method study.
In the Temple guide
Reported place recognition.
In the Tower guide
Dream cartography proposal.
In the Valleys guide
Dream cartography proposal.
In the Wells guide
Dream cartography proposal.
In the Vines guide
Setting recognition survey.
In the Waterfalls guide
Setting recognition survey.
Iosifescu Enescu & Hurni (2018) — Pinpointing Dream Settings onto Place Cookies
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fields guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Glaciers guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Islands guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Jungles guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Lakes guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Maps guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Moving rooms guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Mud guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Oases guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Paths guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Prison guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Palms guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Rainbows guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Roads guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Rocks guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Sand guide
Proposed place-based mapping.
In the Shopping mall guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Springs guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Stars guide
Personal place representation.
In the Taxis guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Swamps guide
Proposed spatial representation.
In the Train stations guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Unknown house guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
In the Village guide
Proposed familiarity mapping.
Picard-Deland et al. (2020): Flying dreams stimulated by an immersive virtual reality task
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Floating guide
Partial original Participants, Results and Discussion excerpts plus abstract; complete methods/tables unavailable. Selected young-adult VR-flight experiment, not spontaneous-floating or out-of-body evidence.
In the Helicopters guide
Partial original Participants, Results and Discussion excerpts plus abstract; complete methods/tables unavailable. VR-flight context only, not helicopter interpretation or operational ability.
Bekrater-Bodmann et al. (2015): Post-Amputation Pain Is Associated with the Recall of an Impaired Body Representation in Dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Extra body parts guide
Retrospective body-representation associations.
Kahn et al. (2000) — Dreaming and waking consciousness: a character recognition study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Face guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Ghosts guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Glasses guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Judges guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Invisibility guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Lookalikes guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Letters guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Necklaces guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Police officers guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Robots guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Stepfamily guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Theatre guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
In the Underwear guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on self-reported character-recognition cues and roles, not objective identification, kinship or the origin of every dreamed face.
NHS: Fainting
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fainting guide
Actual fainting and emergency criteria.
Schredl & Erlacher (2020): Fever Dreams: An Online Study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fever guide
Retrospective reports and matched controls.
In the Heat guide
Retrospective fever-dream comparison.
Schredl et al. (2016): Bizarreness in fever dreams: A questionnaire study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fever guide
Small retrospective coded comparison.
NHS: High temperature (fever) in adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fever guide
Actual adult fever and urgent advice.
Dreams of the deceased: Can themes be reliably coded? (2016)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Funerals guide
Agreement between judges, not symbolic validation.
Neurological and robot-controlled induction of an apparition (2014)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Ghosts guide
Waking experiment; no dream-specific mechanism.
Flynn and Adams (2009): Money can’t buy love: Asymmetric beliefs about the link between gift price and feelings of appreciation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Giving a gift guide
Waking giver–recipient comparisons.
In the Receiving a gift guide
Three waking giver–recipient studies; original methods and results inspected, with no dream interpretation test.
Does spending money on others promote happiness?: A registered replication report (2020)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Giving a gift guide
Experimental effects varied across procedures.
In the Helping someone guide
Spending experiments; effects depend on procedure.
The effects of feelings of guilt on the behaviour of uncooperative individuals in repeated social bargaining games (2003)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Guilt guide
Waking task effects; no dream interpretation.
The carrot and the stick: How guilt and shame facilitate reciprocity-driven cooperation (2023)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Guilt guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Experimentally induced waking emotions in a bargaining task; no interpretation of dream guilt or inference of real wrongdoing.
Dale, DeCicco & Miller (2013): Exploring the Dreams of Canadian Soldiers with Content Analysis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Guns guide
Small observational sample with different waking contexts.
In the Soldiers guide
Selected male samples; comparative content coding.
If you need help, just ask: underestimating compliance with direct requests for help (2008)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Helping someone guide
Waking requests and perspective differences.
Linking psychological need experiences to daily and recurring dreams (2018)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Getting stuck guide
Self-report associations; not motif-specific diagnosis.
Dreams of a geographer: A long dream and waking life series of geographic locations (2018)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Hidden rooms guide
Single-person city comparison; not room discovery.
When dreams become reality
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Hidden rooms guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Suggested misattribution of dream words in laboratory word-list tasks, not recovery of personal secrets, hidden rooms or historical events.
In the Keeping a secret guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Suggested misattribution of dream words in laboratory word-list tasks, not recovery of personal secrets, hidden rooms or historical events.
Uga et al. (2006) — Music in dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Guitars guide
Original abstract only; small observational musician/non-musician diary comparison. Complete paper unavailable; no guitar-specific ability, practice or originality test.
In the Pianos guide
Original abstract only; small observational musician/non-musician diary comparison. Complete paper unavailable; no piano-specific technique, learning or talent assessment.
König et al. (2018) — Music in dreams and music in waking: An online study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Guitars guide
Retrospective musical-activity associations.
In the Pianos guide
Retrospective musical-activity associations.
Minor et al. (2022): Rising temperatures erode human sleep globally
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Heat guide
Weather-linked wristband sleep records.
Obradovich et al. (2017): Nighttime temperature and human sleep loss in a changing climate
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Heat guide
U.S. temperature–sleep survey analysis.
NHS: Heat exhaustion and heatstroke
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Heat guide
Actual heatstroke symptoms require emergency medical help; dream imagery is not a temperature reading or a triage tool.
NHS — Headaches
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Head guide
Actual headache symptoms and England-specific care routes.
In the A sudden bang at the edge of sleep guide
Official advice for actual headache symptoms, separate from the sleep-noise phenomenon.
Smith et al. (2018): Impact of sleep restriction on local immune response and skin barrier restoration
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Healing guide
Original abstract and selected publisher excerpts only. Experimental skin-barrier outcome with different housing conditions; not evidence that dream imagery heals tissue or directs supplementation.
Nardelli et al. (2021): Activation of brain-heart axis during REM sleep: a trigger for dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Heart guide
Nine-volunteer physiological modelling study.
Perogamvros et al. (2019): Increased heartbeat-evoked potential during REM sleep in nightmare disorder
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Heart guide
EEG group comparison, not a cardiac diagnosis.
NHS: Heart palpitations
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Heart guide
Actual palpitations and England-specific care routes.
Lara-Carrasco et al. (2013): Maternal representations in the dreams of pregnant women
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Giving birth guide
Prospective dream diaries; group comparisons.
NHS: Signs that labour has begun
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Giving birth guide
Actual maternity symptoms and England-specific care routes.
Receiving a hug is associated with the attenuation of negative mood that occurs on days with interpersonal conflict
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Hugging guide
Observational waking diary; no dream intervention.
Self-soothing touch and being hugged reduce cortisol responses to stress: A randomized controlled trial on stress, physical touch, and social identity
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Hugging guide
Waking stress experiment with physiological and subjective outcomes.
Tuominen et al. (2019): Social contents in dreams: An empirical test of the Social Simulation Theory
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Hugging guide
Small report-comparison study; mixed theoretical support.
In the Kissing guide
Small comparison of reported social events.
In the Meeting someone new guide
Small waking-versus-sleep report comparison; social overrepresentation did not establish a strengthening function.
In the Neighbours guide
Small report comparison; social overrepresentation did not establish relationship strengthening.
In the Restaurant guide
Small social-content comparison.
In the Sofas guide
Small social-report comparison.
Emotion and Cognition: Feeling and Character Identification in Dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Jealousy guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Background on reported emotion and character identification, not verified identities, real people's intentions or a symbol-decoding method.
Fosse, Stickgold & Hobson (2001): The mind in REM sleep: reports of emotional experience
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Joy guide
Small home REM-awakening study; method-dependent emotion frequencies.
In the Surprise guide
Small home REM-awakening study.
Sikka et al. (2014): I know how you felt last night, or do I? Self- and external ratings of emotions in REM sleep dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Joy guide
Comparison of emotion-rating methods.
In the Laughing guide
Emotion-rating comparison.
In the Sun guide
Rating comparison.
In the Sunset guide
Rating comparison.
Peace of mind and anxiety in the waking state are related to the affective content of dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Joy guide
Observational diary associations; no individual diagnosis.
The experience of secrecy
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Keeping a secret guide
Waking recall and longitudinal studies; no dream or disclosure prescription.
College students’ erotic dreams: Analysis of content and emotional tone
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Kissing guide
Student dream coding; greeting kisses excluded from erotic category.
Examining the possible functions of kissing in romantic relationships
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Kissing guide
Waking attitude questionnaire, not dream interpretation.
Sleep-laughing—hypnogely
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Laughing guide
Ten clinical cases; not population prevalence or self-diagnosis.
Detecting affiliation in colaughter across 24 societies
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Laughing guide
Waking judgements of recorded laughter, not dream interpretation.
Relation between waking politic, music and sports related tasks and dream content in students of politics and psychology students
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Leaders guide
Cross-sectional self-reports; broad political themes.
Frequency of sport dreams and dreams about politics: An online study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Leaders guide
Retrospective estimates, not leader-specific predictions.
Schredl & Göritz (2019) — Social Media, Dreaming, and Personality: An Online Study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Internet guide
Retrospective social-media questionnaire.
Shabahang et al. (2024) — Social media-related nightmare — a potential explanation for poor sleep quality and low affective well-being in the social media era?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Internet guide
Convenience-sample questionnaire associations.
Konkoly et al. (2021) — Real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Lamps guide
Laboratory sensory communication.
In the Magic guide
Laboratory sensory communication.
In the Superpowers guide
Laboratory sensory communication.
Schredl & Göritz (2018): Nightmare Themes: An Online Study of Most Recent Nightmares and Childhood Nightmares
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Hurricanes guide
Retrospective nightmare survey.
In the Landslides guide
Retrospective nightmare survey.
In the Lightning guide
Retrospective nightmare survey.
Schredl (2021): Does global warming affect dream content? Analyzing a 30-yr. dream series
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Ice guide
Single diary; uncertain trend.
In the Wind guide
Single-series weather analysis.
Schredl et al. (2016): Health dreams, health-related worries, and being ill: A questionnaire study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Hospital guide
Retrospective health-dream associations.
In the Illness guide
Health concerns and retrospective dream estimates.
In the Medical tests guide
Retrospective health-dream associations.
In the Medicine guide
Retrospective health-dream associations.
In the Nurses guide
Retrospective health-dream associations.
In the Nails guide
Retrospective health-dream associations.
In the Needles guide
Retrospective health-dream associations.
Granja et al. (2005): Patients’ recollections of experiences in the intensive care unit may affect their quality of life
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Hospital guide
Actual intensive-care recollections.
In the Nurses guide
Actual intensive-care recollections.
Schredl and Erlacher (2020): Fever Dreams: An Online Study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Illness guide
Retrospective fever/non-fever comparison.
Ringdal et al. (2009): Outcome after injury: memories, health-related quality of life, anxiety, and symptoms of depression after intensive care
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Injury guide
Recall after actual injury-related intensive care.
Sugiyama et al. (2023): Nocturnal Scratching and Quality of Sleep in Children with Atopic Dermatitis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Itching guide
Observed clinical behaviour, not dream symbolism.
NHS: Itchy skin
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Itching guide
Actual symptoms and care guidance.
In the Skin guide
Guidance for actual waking itching.
Floyd et al. (2024 online; 2025 issue): Interpersonal Loneliness Predicts the Frequency and Intensity of Nightmares: An Examination of Theoretic Mechanisms
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Loneliness guide
Two correlational adult surveys; nightmare associations do not diagnose individual dream content.
Nguyen, Ryan and Deci (2018): Solitude as an Approach to Affective Self-Regulation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Loneliness guide
Four waking studies of solitude and affect; no dream interpretation test.
NHS: Get help with loneliness
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Loneliness guide
Official guidance for waking loneliness and proportionate support.
Jiang and Hancock (2013): Absence Makes the Communication Grow Fonder: Geographic Separation, Interpersonal Media, and Intimacy in Dating Relationships
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Long distance relationships guide
Waking interaction-diary comparison; communication and intimacy findings are not dream evidence.
Olsen, Schredl and Carlsson (2013): Sharing Dreams: Frequency, Motivations, and Relationship Intimacy
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Long distance relationships guide
Abstract checked in the university record; complete original paper unavailable. Questionnaire associations between dream sharing and perceived couple intimacy, not a tested sharing intervention or a requirement to disclose dreams.
Jenkins et al. (2011): Variability in photos of the same face
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Lookalikes guide
Waking photo-recognition experiments; familiarity affects recognition across variable images.
Noyes et al. (2021): The effect of face masks and sunglasses on identity and expression recognition with super-recognizers and typical observers
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Lookalikes guide
Waking experiments; obscured features affect matching, not dream identity interpretation.
In the Masks guide
Waking face-recognition tasks, not tests of intent or dream content.
Erlacher et al. (2020): Frequency of sport dreams in Japanese college athletes
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Losing a competition guide
Retrospective athlete questionnaire relating sports involvement to sport-dream frequency.
Schredl et al. (2024 online; 2025 issue): Nightmares in Swiss elite athletes: Associated factors
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Losing a competition guide
Observational elite-athlete survey; associations concern nightmare frequency, not defeat meanings.
Cook and Napierkowski (2025): The impact of unemployment on dream content
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Losing a job guide
Author manuscript methods and results checked; selected Reddit narratives with employment status inferred from subreddit participation, not verified at the dream date. No causal or individual cognitive inference.
Schredl, Funkhouser and Arn (2009): Work-related dreams as related to job and life satisfaction in hairdressers
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Losing a job guide
Occupational questionnaire with customer-conversation focus and limited emotional-tone evidence.
Schredl and Wood (2021): Partners and Ex-Partners in Dreams: A Diary Study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Marriage proposal guide
Student dream-diary content comparisons; no inference of personal romantic intentions.
Sandstrom and Dunn (2014): Social Interactions and Well-Being: The Surprising Power of Weak Ties
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Meeting someone new guide
Original journal main text inspected; correlational waking studies with variable outcomes.
In the Neighbours guide
Original journal main text inspected; correlational waking studies with variable outcomes.
Schredl (2001): Dreams of singles: effects of waking-life social contacts on dream content
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Meeting someone new guide
Small student diary comparison by relationship status; no individual intention test.
Etcoff et al. (2011): Cosmetics as a Feature of the Extended Human Phenotype: Modulation of the Perception of Biologically Important Facial Signals
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Makeup guide
Industry-funded waking photograph-rating experiments; judgments were not character measurements or dream findings.
Jones, Porcheron and Russell (2018): Makeup Changes the Apparent Size of Facial Features
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Makeup guide
Three waking visual-comparison studies; restricted to perceived feature size, not dream interpretation.
Carbon (2020): Wearing Face Masks Strongly Confuses Counterparts in Reading Emotions
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Masks guide
Waking posed-photograph experiment; limited to expression identification and confidence.
Shabahang et al. (2024): Social media-related nightmare — a potential explanation for poor sleep quality and low affective well-being in the social media era?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Messages guide
Cross-sectional questionnaire development and associations; no causal or individual diagnostic inference.
Yu & Shen (2020) — Bizarreness of Lucid and Non-lucid Dream: Effects of Metacognition
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Magic guide
Selected paired dream reports.
In the Mirrors guide
Selected paired dream reports.
In the Parallel worlds guide
Selected paired dream reports.
In the Robots guide
Selected paired dream reports.
In the Superpowers guide
Selected paired dream reports.
In the Unicorns guide
Selected paired dream reports.
In the Vampires guide
Selected paired dream reports.
In the Zombies guide
Selected paired dream reports.
NHS: Head lice and nits
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Lice guide
England: real head lice.
Oudiette et al. (2018): REM sleep respiratory behaviours match mental content in narcoleptic lucid dreamers
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Living underwater guide
Selected narcoleptic lucid dreamers.
Bekrater-Bodmann et al. (2015): Post-Amputation Pain Is Associated with the Recall of an Impaired Body Representation in Dreams—Results from a Nation-Wide Survey on Limb Amputees
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Losing a body part guide
Retrospective post-amputation survey.
Picard-Deland, Allaire and Nielsen (2022): Postural balance in frequent lucid dreamers: a replication attempt
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Losing balance guide
Partial balance-study replication.
NHS: Dizziness
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Losing balance guide
Advice for waking dizziness.
Pace-Schott et al. (2001): SSRI treatment suppresses dream recall frequency but increases subjective dream intensity in normal subjects
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Medicine guide
Small selected SSRI study.
NHS — Antidepressants
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Medicine guide
Actual antidepressant-use guidance.
In the Medicines and dream changes guide
UK leaflet and prescriber guidance; treatment concerns and decisions about stopping medicine.
Ilias et al. (2019): Dream Recall and Content versus the Menstrual Cycle: A Cross-Sectional Study in Healthy Women
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Menstruation guide
Cross-sectional cycle estimates.
Triantafyllou et al. (2022): Dream Recall/Affect and Cortisol: An Exploratory Study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Menstruation guide
Small exploratory cycle comparison.
NHS: Heavy periods
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Menstruation guide
Actual bleeding and pain guidance.
Nöltner and Schredl (2023): Interactions with family members in students’ dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Mother guide
Original abstract and opening publisher-preview page checked; complete Methods and Results unavailable. Student diary coding with specific family categories, not an individual relationship assessment or a standard for all family structures.
In the Parents guide
Original abstract and opening publisher-preview page checked; complete Methods and Results unavailable. Student diary coding with specific family categories, not an individual relationship assessment or a standard for all family structures.
Mauren and Schredl (2026): Music in dreams: Exploring the frequency and emotional dimension of music-related dreams among music professionals
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Musicians guide
Original publisher abstract only; small selected professional diary sample. Complete paper unavailable; a reported null association does not establish no daily influence or a training benefit.
Sandstrom and Dunn (2014): Is Efficiency Overrated? Minimal Social Interactions Lead to Belonging and Positive Affect
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Neighbours guide
Brief waking service-interaction experiment; limited context and immediate outcomes.
Nostalgia: Content, Triggers, Functions
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Nostalgia guide
Original paper verified through author-hosted full text; seven waking studies, not dream experiments.
Pancultural nostalgia in action: Prevalence, triggers, and psychological functions of nostalgia across cultures
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Nostalgia guide
Original author-manuscript Methods and Results: multinational waking-recall experiment with young adults, cultural variation and an excluded country sample after a randomisation error.
From Past to Future: Temporal Self-Continuity Across the Life Span
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Older self guide
Original indexed manuscript; cross-sectional waking comparison across age groups.
Increasing Saving Behavior Through Age-Progressed Renderings of the Future Self
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Older self guide
Original indexed manuscript; four preliminary waking experiments with hypothetical decision measures.
Lucid dream mathematics: An explorative online study of arithmetic abilities of dream characters
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Numbers guide
Original full paper verified; small online pilot without laboratory sleep confirmation.
Konkoly et al. (2021): Real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Numbers guide
Original multicentre laboratory study; selected successful trials alongside frequent absent responses.
In the Silence guide
Controlled REM communication experiments.
In the Thunder guide
Controlled REM communication.
Schredl and Erlacher (2007): Self-reported effects of dreams on waking-life creativity: an empirical study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Painting guide
Original questionnaire study; self-rated influence rather than independently tested creative improvement.
In the Writing guide
Original questionnaire study; subjective reports rather than objective creativity assessment.
Reduction of Cortisol Levels and Participants' Responses Following Art Making
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Painting guide
Original author-uploaded full text verified; uncontrolled mixed-media waking session, not painting dreams.
How Art Changes Your Brain: Differential Effects of Visual Art Production and Cognitive Art Evaluation on Functional Brain Connectivity
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Painting guide
Full original and linked 2014 correction checked; small waking trial, not dream research.
Musik in Träumen: Analyse einer langen Traumserie
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Musical instruments guide
Original German abstract on the author publication record only; complete paper unavailable. One dreamer and a broad music-reference category, not instrument-playing prevalence.
Lucid music – A pilot study exploring the experiences and potential of music-making in lucid dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Musical instruments guide
Original manuscript in the author's dissertation: methods, results and limitations inspected; five interviews, not controlled performance testing.
Cajochen et al. (2013) — Evidence that the lunar cycle influences human sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Moon guide
Retrospective laboratory analysis.
Cordi et al. (2014) — Lunar cycle effects on sleep and the file drawer problem
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Moon guide
EEG replication analyses.
Casiraghi et al. (2021) — Moonstruck sleep: Synchronization of human sleep with the moon cycle under field conditions
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Moon guide
Observational actimetry study.
Zadra et al. (1998): The nature and prevalence of pain in dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Pain guide
Two-week diary and retrospective reports.
NHS: Dry mouth
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Mouth guide
Guidance for actual dryness.
In the Tongue guide
Waking dryness and medication caution.
NHS: Nail problems
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Nails guide
Actual nail-change guidance.
Noreika et al. (2020): Modulating dream experience: Noninvasive brain stimulation over the sensorimotor cortex reduces dream movement
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Neck guide
Measure-dependent movement findings.
In the Moving backwards guide
Measure-dependent movement findings.
In the Playing sport guide
Ten-person stimulation comparison; questionnaire movement finding, not training efficacy.
In the Shape shifting guide
Small controlled movement study.
NHS: Neck pain
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Neck guide
Actual neck-pain guidance.
Schredl (2019): Olfactory perception in dreams: Analysis of a long dream series
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Nose guide
One-diarist olfactory reports.
In the Perfume guide
One person's long olfactory diary series.
In the Scarves guide
Explicit olfactory descriptions.
In the Smoke guide
One olfactory diary.
In the Spoiled food guide
Single-person olfactory descriptions.
Schredl et al. (2009): Information processing during sleep: the effect of olfactory stimuli on dream content and dream emotions
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Nose guide
Small controlled odour experiment.
In the Perfume guide
Small controlled REM odour experiment.
NHS: Lost or changed sense of smell
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Nose guide
Actual smell-change guidance.
Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust: Needle phobia and overcoming your fear
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Needles guide
Actual procedure-related worries.
Dresler et al. (2011): Dreamed movement elicits activation in the sensorimotor cortex
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Moving backwards guide
Preliminary lucid hand-movement imaging.
Schredl and Wood (2021): Partners and Ex-Partners in Dreams: A Diary Study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Partner guide
Content analysis; waking relationship status and quality were not collected.
In the Reconciliation guide
Descriptive interactions; no evidence of another person's intentions.
Vogelsang et al. (2016): The Continuity Between Waking-Life Musical Activities and Music Dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Performing on stage guide
Original abstract and first-page background only; study Methods/Results unavailable. Selected retrospective musical-activity survey, not a stage-performance or audience-outcome test.
Valls-Ratés et al. (2022): Unguided virtual-reality training can enhance the oral presentation skills of high-school students
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Presentations guide
Small waking training comparison; no dream-practice condition.
Borghese et al. (2022): Targeted Memory Reactivation During REM Sleep in Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Public speaking guide
Randomised clinical comparison; no additional subjective-anxiety benefit. The 2023 erratum adds funding acknowledgement.
Brooks (2014): Get excited: reappraising pre-performance anxiety as excitement
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Public speaking guide
Original author-institution paper verified; waking performance experiments, not dream research.
Poynter and Smith Pasqualini (2025): Getting Excited About Public Speaking: A Replication
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Public speaking guide
Direct waking-speech replication; no observer-rated performance benefit.
Chan and Mogilner (2017): Experiential Gifts Foster Stronger Social Relationships Than Material Gifts
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Receiving a gift guide
Original author manuscript verified; waking exchanges, not dream interpretation.
Blagrove et al. (2019): Testing the Empathy Theory of Dreaming: The Relationships Between Dream Sharing and Trait and State Empathy
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Reconciliation guide
Small dream-discussion study; no alternative-discussion control or reconciliation test.
Blagrove et al. (2021): Dream sharing and the enhancement of empathy: Theoretical and applied implications
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Reconciliation guide
Accepted manuscript verified; subgroup result and no non-dream comparison.
Martinec Nováková et al. (2024): Nocturnal exposure to a preferred ambient scent does not affect dream emotionality or post-sleep core affect valence in young adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Perfume guide
Small controlled preferred-scent experiment; null main outcomes.
Palmieri et al. (2026): Incorporation of complex narratives into dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Radio guide
Audiobook information in dream reports.
Hartmann (2000): We Do Not Dream of the 3 R's: Implications for the Nature of Dreaming Mentation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Reading difficulty guide
Restrictive coding of sustained reading.
I know how you felt last night, or do I? Self- and external ratings of emotions in REM sleep dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Relief guide
Small laboratory comparison of emotion-rating methods.
Schredl and Doll (1998). Emotions in Diary Dreams.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Relief guide
Original abstract checked; a separate 2010 author reproduction was inspected previously. Complete 1998 paper unavailable. Emotion-rating method differences provide measurement context, not a diagnosis, cause of vividness or proof of a dream's function.
In the Sadness guide
Original abstract checked; a separate 2010 author reproduction was inspected previously. Complete 1998 paper unavailable. Emotion-rating method differences provide measurement context, not a diagnosis, cause of vividness or proof of a dream's function.
In the Vivid dreams guide
Original abstract checked; a separate 2010 author reproduction was inspected previously. Complete 1998 paper unavailable. Emotion-rating method differences provide measurement context, not a diagnosis, cause of vividness or proof of a dream's function.
Salem et al. (2013): Spiritual and religious imagery in dreams: A cross cultural analysis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Religious figures guide
Two selected female student samples; original PDF indexed.
In the Temple guide
Two selected student samples.
Dream content influences daily spirituality
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Religious figures guide
Observational daily ratings, not causal proof.
Boundary Questionnaire Results and Dream Recall Among Persons Going Through Retirement
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Retirement guide
Retirement sample; recall measured in subgroup.
Get help with low mood, sadness or depression
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sadness guide
Guidance for persistent waking low mood.
Selterman, Apetroaia and Waters (2012). Script-like attachment representations in dreams containing current romantic partners.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Separation guide
Small observational diary study; abstract verified.
In the Trust guide
Primary abstract; two-week observational partner diaries.
In the Unrequited affection guide
Primary abstract; established relationships, not unrequited attraction.
Factors influencing the frequency of erotic dreams: An online study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sexual intimacy guide
Original publisher abstract only. Retrospective estimates of a share of recalled dreams; not a nightly rate, personal norm or measure of desire.
Frequency of erotic dreams and relationship status: An online study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sexual intimacy guide
Follow-up subgroup; three-year measurement gap.
Erotic dreams and their relationship to waking-life sexuality
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sexual intimacy guide
Original abstract and selected publisher methods/results/discussion excerpts only. Small retrospective student survey; associations and null findings do not decode desire or establish causation.
Picard-Deland et al. (2023): The memory sources of dreams: serial awakenings across sleep stages and time of night
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Seedlings guide
Selected serial-awakening sample.
In the Snowy landscapes guide
Selected laboratory recallers.
In the Sunrise guide
Selected frequent recallers.
In the Vines guide
Selected laboratory sample.
Hall and Van de Castle: Dream content coding manual — Objects
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Restaurant guide
Place, food and object categories.
In the Scarves guide
Descriptive object categories.
In the Shoes guide
Descriptive clothing categories.
In the Socks guide
Descriptive garment categories.
In the Sofas guide
Furniture and setting categories.
In the Sunglasses guide
Accessory classification.
In the Swords guide
Object classification.
In the Tables guide
Furniture classification.
In the Teddy bears guide
Toy classification.
In the Tools guide
Descriptive categories.
In the Walls guide
Coding conventions.
In the Wells guide
Coding conventions.
In the Toys guide
Descriptive object coding.
In the Wallets guide
Descriptive coding.
In the Wardrobes guide
Object categories.
In the Wedding dress guide
Clothing classification.
Haley (2023): Analysis of taste in dreams: A defined and large-scale investigation of dreamt gustatory experiences
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Rice guide
Archival taste-report coding.
In the Salt guide
Explicit and inferred taste coding.
In the Soup guide
Explicit and inferred tastes.
In the Spices guide
Explicit versus inferred flavour.
In the Sweets guide
Explicit and inferred taste.
In the Tea guide
Explicit and inferred taste.
In the Unfamiliar food guide
Taste-report classification.
In the Vegetables guide
Explicit versus inferred taste.
Vallat et al. (2017): Characteristics of the memory sources of dreams: A new version of the content-matching paradigm to take mundane and remote memories into account
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Rings guide
Self-identified waking associations.
Iosifescu Enescu, Montangero & Hurni (2015): Toward dream cartography: Mapping dream space and content
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Rivers guide
Exploratory cartographic methods.
In the Stars guide
Descriptive mapping proposal.
Schredl (2016): Temperature perception in dreams: Analysis of a long dream series
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sand guide
Single-person temperature reports.
In the Scarves guide
Single-person temperature reports.
In the Socks guide
Single-person temperature descriptions.
In the Sweating guide
Single-person content analysis.
In the Sunshine guide
Single diary.
In the Volcanoes guide
Single-person temperature reports.
In the Waves guide
Single-person temperature reports.
In the Wind guide
Single-person temperature reports.
Stairs & Blick (1979): A Survey of Emotional Content of Dreams Recalled by College Students
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Shame guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Small undergraduate diary/checklist study selecting the two strongest feelings, not a population rate, cause or moral interpretation of dream shame.
Giorgetta et al. (2023): Guilt, shame, and embarrassment: similar or different emotions? A comparison between Italians and Americans
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Shame guide
Waking scenario ratings; no dream sample.
Cicogna et al. (2007): Bizarreness of size and shape in dream images
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Shape shifting guide
Original abstract and selected original section previews checked; complete paper unavailable. Narrow size/shape coding in experimental dream reports, not a validated mechanism or interpretation for every transformation.
In the Shrinking guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
In the Sizes guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
In the Skin guide
Original abstract and selected publisher introduction, method, analysis and discussion excerpts; complete paper and coding tables not reviewed. Descriptive size-and-shape context, not evidence of a motif's meaning or an established mechanism.
van der Hoort, Guterstam & Ehrsson (2011): Being Barbie: The Size of One's Own Body Determines the Perceived Size of the World
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Shrinking guide
Waking perceptual experiments, not dreams.
In the Sizes guide
Waking experiments; no dream mechanism tested.
Shabahang et al. (2024): Social media-related nightmare — a potential explanation for poor sleep quality and low affective well-being in the social media era?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Social media guide
Cross-sectional scale-development survey; no causal inference.
Domhoff, Meyer-Gomes and Schredl (2006): Dreams as the expression of conceptions and concerns: A comparison of German and American college students
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Stepfamily guide
Author reprint; broad relationship coding.
In the Unknown crowds guide
Accessible author reprint; restricted age and report-length selection, not population norms for every community.
NHS: Stomach ache
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Stomach guide
Actual abdominal symptoms and urgency.
Leslie et al. (2007) — Dreaming during anesthesia and anesthetic depth in elective surgery patients
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Surgery guide
Primary abstract; postoperative reports.
In the Dream reports after anaesthesia and sedation guide
Prospective cohort with interviews on emergence and later. Abstract consulted.
NHS: Before surgery
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Surgery guide
Individual preparation guidance.
NHS: Night sweats
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sweating guide
Actual night sweating guidance.
NHS: Talking therapies
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Therapists guide
Actual therapeutic options and formats.
Krakow et al. (2001): Imagery Rehearsal Therapy for Chronic Nightmares in Sexual Assault Survivors With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Therapists guide
Selected clinical sample; intervention trial.
Denton et al. (1999): Neuroimaging of genesis and satiation of thirst and an interoceptor-driven theory of origins of primary consciousness
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Thirst guide
Awake PET study; primary abstract and indexed methods checked.
NHS: Dehydration
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Thirst guide
Waking symptoms, fluids and urgency.
NHS: Pins and needles
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Tingling guide
Actual transient and recurrent symptoms.
NHS: Sore or white tongue
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Tongue guide
Actual persistent tongue symptoms.
Time required for motor activity in lucid dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Time passing guide
Original 2004 journal abstract only; related procedures and limitations in the separate 2005 thesis and author report. Complete 2004 article unavailable; no numerical transfer between versions.
In the Dream duration and perceived time guide
Original 2004 journal abstract only; related procedures and limitations separately inspected in the 2005 thesis and author report. Complete 2004 article unavailable; 2014 is a different study.
Time for actions in lucid dreams: effects of task modality, length, and complexity
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Time passing guide
Signalled task timing; small samples.
In the Dream duration and perceived time guide
Laboratory tasks timed through recorded eye signals.
Mallett (2020) — Partial memory reinstatement while (lucid) dreaming to change the dream environment
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Teleportation guide
Inaccurate scene reinstatement.
In the Superpowers guide
Inaccurate scene reinstatement.
In the Underwater places guide
Inaccurate scene reinstatement.
In the Walls guide
Inaccurate scene reinstatement.
In the Windows guide
Inaccurate scene reinstatement.
Stephan, Schredl, Henley-Einion & Blagrove (2012) — TV viewing and dreaming in children: The UK library study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Television guide
Children's retrospective television reports.
Baumeister, Wotman and Stillwell (1993). Unrequited love: On heartbreak, anger, guilt, scriptlessness, and humiliation.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Unrequited affection guide
Original methods and results inspected; retrospective waking narratives, not dream evidence.
Kahana et al. (2013). Altruism, Helping, and Volunteering: Pathways to Well-Being in Late Life.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Volunteering guide
Primary longitudinal waking study; associations, not dream effects.
Kearns, Tyler and Graziano (2021; online 2020). More than fantasy: Prosocial daydreams relate to prosocial dispositions and behaviour.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Volunteering guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Correlational and prompted waking-fantasy studies, not spontaneous sleep dreams, a virtue test or a prescription to volunteer.
NHS. Diarrhoea and vomiting.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Vomiting guide
Current official guidance checked October2026; applies to actual symptoms only.
NHS. Feeling sick (nausea).
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Vomiting guide
Current official advice on persistent or returning waking nausea.
Schredl (2015). Time specifications in dreams of a long series: Time of day and day of the week.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Waiting guide
Primary diary content analysis; reported temporal references.
Rankin, Walsh and Sweeny (2019; online 2018). A better distraction: Exploring the benefits of flow during uncertain waiting periods.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Waiting guide
Primary abstract and author manuscript; waking studies, no dream intervention.
Saurat et al. (2011). Walking dreams in congenital and acquired paraplegia.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Walking guide
Original abstract and selected publisher participant, results and discussion excerpts; complete paper and tables not reviewed. A small selected diary comparison about movement, not population-wide evidence, prognosis or the dreamer's preferred body.
In the Wheelchairs guide
Original abstract and selected publisher participant, results and discussion excerpts; complete paper and tables not reviewed. A small selected diary comparison about movement, not population-wide evidence, prognosis or the dreamer's preferred body.
Voss et al. (2011). Waking and dreaming: Related but structurally independent. Dream reports of congenitally paraplegic and deaf-mute persons.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Wheelchairs guide
Original abstract only; selected comparison of reported dream experiences, not a complete methods or results review. Does not establish a universal body model, personal preference or prognosis. Historical terminology is retained only in the publication title.
Erlacher, Ehrlenspiel and Schredl (2011). Frequency of Nightmares and Gender Significantly Predict Distressing Dreams of German Athletes Before Competitions or Games.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Winning guide
Original abstract only; retrospective German athlete survey. Complete paper unavailable; subsequent performance research proposed, not a validated winning or losing forecast.
Erlacher and Schredl (2010). Practicing a Motor Task in a Lucid Dream Enhances Subsequent Performance: A Pilot Study.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Winning guide
Licensed original abstract only; complete paper unavailable. Small selected successful-practice subgroup, self-measured home task and unresolved learning/motivation explanations; no spontaneous-victory inference.
Syrek et al. (2017). Zeigarnik’s sleepless nights: How unfinished tasks at the end of the week impair employee sleep on the weekend through rumination.
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Work deadlines guide
Primary abstract and author manuscript; observational work-and-sleep data, not dream decoding.
McNamara et al. (2005): A “Jekyll and Hyde” within: aggressive versus friendly interactions in REM and non-REM dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Unknown crowds guide
Abstract checked; complete original paper unavailable. Small home-recording comparison of coded social interactions; no individual sleep-stage inference, aggression assessment or crowd-threat prediction.
Shockley et al. (2021): The fatiguing effects of camera use in virtual meetings: A within-person field experiment
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Video calls guide
Original journal main text and relevant tables inspected; waking workplace experiment, no dream assessment.
Fosse and Larøi (2020): Quantifying auditory impressions in dreams in order to assess the relevance of dreaming as a model for psychosis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Video calls guide
Accessible primary study; used only for reported dream sound, not clinical inference.
Replaying the game: hypnagogic images in normals and amnesics
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Video games guide
Primary comparative-study abstract; sleep-onset imagery following Tetris.
In the Learning, memory and dreaming guide
Original abstract on game-related sleep-onset imagery.
Wamsley et al. (2010): Cognitive Replay of Visuomotor Learning at Sleep Onset: Temporal Dynamics and Relationship to Task Performance
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Video games guide
Accessible primary Alpine Racer study; the cited denominator is content-filled post-training reports.
Gackenbach (2006): Video game play and lucid dreams: Implications for the development of consciousness
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Video games guide
Licensed primary abstract; questionnaire associations, not a randomised induction trial.
Adam and Galinsky (2012): Enclothed cognition
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Uniforms guide
Primary waking experiments; specific task effects considered alongside a failed direct replication.
Burns et al. (2019): An old task in new clothes: A preregistered direct replication attempt of enclothed cognition effects on Stroop performance
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Uniforms guide
Preregistered waking replication; no dream or occupational-competence assessment.
Schredl et al. (2023): Work–life balance in dreams: Frequency and emotional tone of work-related and hobby-related dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Uniforms guide
Primary survey analysis; overlapping data with the earlier work-dream paper, not uniform-specific evidence.
Eichenlaub et al. (2018): Incorporation of recent waking-life experiences in dreams correlates with frontal theta activity in REM sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Warehouse guide
Emotional intensity.
In the Wardrobes guide
Small laboratory comparison.
Schredl (2013): Animal dreams in a long dream series
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Turtles guide
Individual series.
In the Wasps guide
Individual series.
In the Whales guide
Descriptive record of one person's dreams; not a population estimate or a test of meanings assigned to whales.
In the Wolves guide
Individual series.
In the Worms guide
Individual series.
In the Zoo guide
Individual series.
Haar Horowitz et al. (2026): Targeted dream incubation at sleep onset can influence later dream content in REM sleep: a pilot study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Trees guide
Small uncontrolled pilot.
Schredl & Göritz (2018): Nightmare Themes: An Online Study of Most Recent Nightmares and Childhood Nightmares
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Tornadoes guide
Broad retrospective themes.
In the Tsunamis guide
Broad retrospective themes.
In the Volcanoes guide
Broad retrospective themes.
van der Heijden et al. (2024): Sensational Dreams: The Prevalence of Sensory Experiences in Dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Waves guide
Prompted sensory diary.
Fechner J, Born M, Mancini M, Akata Z, Haag P, Diekelmann S, Born J (2024) — The influence of intentions on dream content
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Forgetting something important guide
Small prospective-memory experiment; exploratory dream analysis.
In the Parcels and deliveries guide
Small prospective-memory experiment; exploratory dream analysis.
Barner C, Seibold M, Born J, Diekelmann S (2017) — Consolidation of Prospective Memory: Effects of Sleep on Completed and Reinstated Intentions
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Forgetting something important guide
Experimental study of sleep and prospective-memory performance.
Vallat et al. (2017): Waking-memory associations
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Forgetting something important guide
Diary study of reported dream memories and waking-life associations.
In the Parcels and deliveries guide
Diary study of reported dream memories and waking-life associations.
In the Garages guide
Self-attribution, not causation.
In the Washing machines guide
Self-attribution, not causation.
In the Refrigerators guide
Self-attribution, not causation.
In the Ferries guide
Self-attribution, not causation.
US National Center for PTSD: PTSD Basics
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Kidnapping and hostage situations guide
Official information on PTSD assessment and support.
In the War guide
Actual trauma, symptoms and professional assessment.
Wolke D, Lereya ST (2014) — Bullying and parasomnias: a longitudinal cohort study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Bullying guide
Childhood cohort study of bullying and later parasomnias; original Methods and adjusted Results inspected.
StopBullying.gov (2024) — What Is Bullying
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Bullying guide
Official definition concerning waking, school-age bullying.
Colace C (2020) — Gambling Dreams in Pathological Gambler Outpatients: A Pilot Study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Gambling and lotteries guide
Ten-patient descriptive pilot; original Methods and Results inspected. No validated relapse prediction.
NHS (official guidance) — Help for problems with gambling
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Gambling and lotteries guide
Support for waking gambling concerns; service routes are England-specific.
UK Gambling Commission (official guidance) — RTS 7 — Generation of random outcomes
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Gambling and lotteries guide
UK technical standard for covered random-outcome games, lotteries and virtual events.
Horton, Moulin and Conway (2009): The self and dreams during a period of transition
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Eviction and losing a home guide
Original 2009 journal abstract plus separately identified 2007 thesis Chapter 6; transition and rating-validation studies distinguished. Complete 2009 paper unavailable; no eviction or homelessness sample.
Domhoff (1996): Finding Meaning in Dreams, Chapter 2: The Hall/Van de Castle System of Content Analysis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Eviction and losing a home guide
Descriptive coding.
In the Stealing guide
Descriptive coding.
In the Inheritance guide
Descriptive coding.
Sikka et al. (2014): I know how you felt last night, or do I? Self- and external ratings of emotions in REM sleep dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Lying guide
Researcher and dreamer ratings are not interchangeable.
Rogowska and Pavlova (2023): A path model of associations between war-related exposure to trauma, nightmares, fear, insomnia, and posttraumatic stress among Ukrainian students during the Russian invasion
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the War guide
Cross-sectional student survey; associations do not establish causation.
Pirzada et al. (2020) — Exploding Head Syndrome: A Case Series of Underdiagnosed Hypnic Parasomnia
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Explosions guide
Six assessed cases; not a diagnosis from a dream description.
In the A sudden bang at the edge of sleep guide
Six clinically assessed cases; original Methods and case descriptions inspected. Five underwent video-polysomnography, with one recorded episode.
Continuity between waking life and dreaming: are all waking activities reflected equally often in dreams?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Garages guide
Partial original first page and original abstract; complete Methods/Results unavailable. Broad activity comparison, not garage, storage or workshop interpretation.
In the Fuel and charging stations guide
Partial original Introduction and opening Method, plus abstract-level activity comparison. Complete paper unavailable; no station-control, energy or exhaustion assessment.
In the Washing machines guide
Partial original Introduction and opening Method with abstract-level findings. Complete paper unavailable; no washing-machine, household-competence or cognitive-impairment test.
Work-Related Dreams: An Online Survey
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Garages guide
Retrospective work survey.
In the Washing machines guide
Retrospective work survey.
In the Refrigerators guide
Retrospective work survey.
Schredl (2020): Transportation in one dream diary
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Fuel and charging stations guide
Single-person series.
In the Ferries guide
Single-person series.
Domhoff and Schneider (2004) — Studying Dream Content Using Dreambank.net
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Vehicle breakdowns guide
Author-hosted conference paper demonstrating contextual checks on word searches.
Domhoff and Schneider (2018) — Are dreams social simulations?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Vehicle breakdowns guide
Author-hosted empirical reanalysis and theoretical comparison.
Dreams of Teeth Falling Out: An Empirical Investigation of Physiological and Psychological Correlates
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dentures and braces guide
Questionnaire study of tooth-loss themes; not appliance-specific. Publisher full text consulted.
In the How to use a dream dictionary thoughtfully guide
Student survey of teeth dreams and measured correlates.
NHS — Dentures
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dentures and braces guide
Current guidance on real denture fit, pain and damage.
NHS — Braces
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dentures and braces guide
Current orthodontic guidance, reviewed June 2026.
NIDDK — Constipation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Faeces and bowel movements guide
Public health guidance about actual constipation symptoms.
NIDDK — Treatment of Fecal Incontinence
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Faeces and bowel movements guide
Clinical discussion and support for actual bowel-control difficulties.
Randa et al. (2022) — Victim reactions to being stalked: Examining the effects of perceived offender characteristics and motivations
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Stalking guide
Original abstract only. Actual victimisation accounts and perceived motives; no dream study, independently verified offender intent or individual risk estimate.
SPARC — Identifying Stalking Behaviors
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Stalking guide
Specific waking behaviours and varied reactions.
SPARC — What To Do If You Are Being Stalked
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Stalking guide
US-oriented support routes for actual concerns.
NHS — Help after rape and sexual assault
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sexual assault guide
Consent and England-specific support for actual experiences.
Biasing the content of hippocampal replay during sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Why do we dream? guide
Original rat experiment: auditory-spatial task, hippocampal replay results and online methods; neural reactivation, not subjective dream reports.
Siclari et al. (2017) — The neural correlates of dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams in REM and non-REM sleep guide
Reports and EEG correlates across REM and NREM.
In the Sleep stages and cycles guide
Original abstract inspected for dream reports in REM and non-REM. This new source use does not claim a fresh full-text review of the paper.
Cavallero et al. (1992) — Slow wave sleep dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams in REM and non-REM sleep guide
Original abstract only; counterbalanced laboratory REM/slow-wave report comparison. Complete paper unavailable; group-average report length, not an individual sleep-stage classifier.
Endo et al. (1998) — Selective REM sleep deprivation in humans: effects on sleep and sleep EEG
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams in REM and non-REM sleep guide
Original controlled deprivation experiment: Methods, Table 1 and physiological recovery outcomes in eight healthy young men; no dream-content outcome.
Horikawa et al. (2013) — Neural decoding of visual imagery during sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the How dream research works guide
Three-participant sleep-onset study with retrospective category selection and decoders trained on waking image-viewing activity. Complete main paper consulted; supplementary methods were not accessed.
Ohayon et al. (1996) — Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations: pathological phenomena?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Images and sounds around sleep guide
Historical UK telephone survey; group findings are not diagnostic.
Bless et al. (2021) — In the twilight zone: An epidemiological study of sleep-related hallucinations
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Images and sounds around sleep guide
Norwegian cross-sectional survey distinguished sleep-related and daytime reports.
Dawes et al. (2020) — A cognitive profile of multi-sensory imagery, memory and dreaming in aphantasia
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Aphantasia and dreams guide
Self-report comparison of dreaming and sensory imagery; group differences and heterogeneous experience.
Zeman et al. (2020) — Phantasia: The psychological significance of lifelong visual imagery vividness extremes
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Aphantasia and dreams guide
Self-selected questionnaire respondents; reported visual dreaming alongside absent voluntary imagery.
Curot et al. (2018) — Déjà-rêvé: Prior dreams induced by direct electrical brain stimulation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Understanding déjà-rêvé guide
Clinical stimulation cases define heterogeneous experiences; not general-population diagnosis or prediction evidence.
Watt et al. (2014) — Psychological factors in precognitive dream experiences: The role of paranormal belief, selective recall and propensity to find correspondences
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Understanding déjà-rêvé guide
Experimental matching and selective recall; adjacent evidence rather than a universal explanation.
Brand et al. (2011) — Dream recall and its relationship to sleep, perceived stress, and creativity among adolescents
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams in childhood and adolescence guide
Original abstract and publisher excerpts only. Online self-reports with mean age about eighteen; no individual wellbeing, creativity or younger-child assessment.
Pace-Schott et al. (2001) — SSRI treatment suppresses dream recall frequency but increases subjective dream intensity in normal subjects
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Medicines and dream changes guide
Small healthy-volunteer baseline comparison; recall and subjective intensity diverged.
Schredl et al. (2009) — The effect of trimipramine on dream recall and dream emotions in depressive outpatients
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Medicines and dream changes guide
Clinical observation without placebo control; dream emotion and symptom change occurred together.
Kahan et al. (2000) — Effects of melatonin on dream bizarreness among male and female college students
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Medicines and dream changes guide
Small placebo comparison; original methods, results and limitations inspected.
NHS — Side effects of melatonin
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Medicines and dream changes guide
Current patient guidance on possible side effects.
Schredl (2008): Dream recall frequency in a representative German sample
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams across later life guide
Original abstract only. Cross-sectional self-reported recall association; not dream production, an individual ageing trajectory or a diagnostic threshold.
CDC/NIOSH: Shift Work and Sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep timing and dream recall guide
Workforce sleep survey background; no dream-specific outcome.
NIGMS — Circadian Rhythms
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep timing and dream recall guide
Official basic-science guidance describes daily rhythms and the influence of light and dark. It supports the distinction between biological timing and a clock reading, not a diagnosis or a dream-recall schedule.
In the Body clock and sleep pressure guide
Official fact sheet inspected for daily rhythms, distributed clocks, the suprachiasmatic nucleus and light cues. No personalised light or melatonin schedule is inferred.
Ribeiro, Gounden & Quaglino (2018): Measure of dream recall frequency: Comparing retrospective and logbook evaluations
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Keeping a dream journal guide
Preliminary measurement comparison; archived original methods and results checked. Only 39 of 81 enrolled students completed the protocol.
NHLBI — Insomnia Diagnosis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Keeping a dream journal guide
Official guidance describes recording sleep timing and daytime context when preparing to discuss sleep difficulties. A sleep diary serves a different purpose from recording dream content; this article’s optional dream-entry fields are original editorial examples, not a validated clinical form.
In the Keeping a sleep diary guide
Official clinical-assessment overview and optional one-to-two-week diary context; not a diagnosis from a home log.
In the Caffeine and sleep guide
Advice to discuss sleep difficulties affecting daily activity and describe relevant habits and medicines.
In the The first-night effect guide
Official assessment guidance: sleep history, daytime effects and appropriate investigation.
In the Waking during the night guide
Official assessment guidance: sleep history, daytime effects and appropriate investigation.
Kang et al. (2023): Mental Imagery in Dreams of Congenitally Blind People
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams and sensory differences guide
Archival sensory-language analysis; contested visual-like interpretation and a small participant sample.
Voss et al. (2011): Waking and dreaming: Related but structurally independent. Dream reports of congenitally paraplegic and deaf-mute persons
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams and sensory differences guide
Original abstract and introductory preview only. The theoretical framing does not establish hearing/signing prevalence or represent all sensory and communication histories.
Howell et al. (2023) — Management of REM sleep behavior disorder: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dream enactment and RBD guide
Adult guideline: conditional treatment recommendations and bedroom safety. Abstract consulted.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine — New guideline provides treatment recommendations for people who act out their dreams while asleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dream enactment and RBD guide
The AASM explains the clinical guideline and its scope.
Fight or flight? Dream content during sleepwalking/sleep terrors vs. rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (2013)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dream enactment and RBD guide
Small hospital-based comparison of 32 people with sleepwalking/sleep terrors and 24 with RBD, using lifetime and laboratory dream reports plus daytime questionnaires. Full original article consulted; selected clinical samples limit generalisation.
NHLBI — Sleep Studies
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dream enactment and RBD guide
Official patient guidance describes selected sleep investigations and the signals they can record. It does not say that every dream concern requires testing or allow a dream report to establish a diagnosis.
In the When to discuss dreams with a clinician guide
Official patient guidance describes selected sleep investigations and the signals they can record. It does not say that every dream concern requires testing or allow a dream report to establish a diagnosis.
In the What happens in a sleep study? guide
Official patient page read. Signals, sensor placement and discomfort; no dream decoding.
NHS — Sleepwalking
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleepwalking and remembered scenes guide
Current public guidance on sleepwalking, gentle redirection and seeking advice.
Oudiette et al. (2009) — Dreamlike Mentations During Sleepwalking and Sleep Terrors in Adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleepwalking and remembered scenes guide
Lifetime interviews and overnight observations in a selected clinical cohort.
Mental Activity During Episodes of Sleepwalking, Night Terrors or Confusional Arousals: Differences Between Children and Adults (2021)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleepwalking and remembered scenes guide
Clinical interview study comparing adult and child recollections; raw counts used here.
Sharpless et al. (2020) — Exploding Head Syndrome: Clinical Features, Theories about Etiology, and Prevention Strategies in a Large International Sample
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the A sudden bang at the edge of sleep guide
Self-selected online survey; author manuscript consulted. Reported strategies were not treatment trials.
NHS — Narcolepsy
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Narcolepsy and dreamlike experiences guide
Current guidance on symptoms, specialist assessment and individualized care.
Wamsley et al. (2014) — Delusional confusion of dreaming and reality in narcolepsy
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Narcolepsy and dreamlike experiences guide
Interview comparison involving diagnosed narcolepsy with cataplexy; original Methods and Results inspected. Findings concern the selected clinical group.
Story-like organization of REM-dreams in patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy (2008)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Narcolepsy and dreamlike experiences guide
Laboratory comparison of narrative reports in a selected paired subset; original Methods and Results inspected.
NHLBI — Sleep Apnea Diagnosis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep apnoea and dream reports guide
Overview of clinical history, sleep records and diagnostic testing.
Di Pauli et al. (2018) — Dream Content in Patients With Sleep Apnea: A Prospective Sleep Laboratory Study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep apnoea and dream reports guide
Prospective laboratory study comparing dream content after morning awakening.
BaHammam et al. (2013) — Clinical and polysomnographic characteristics and response to continuous positive airway pressure therapy in obstructive sleep apnea patients with nightmares
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep apnoea and dream reports guide
Clinical follow-up comparing CPAP adherence with refusal; original methods inspected, with no randomized allocation.
The Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder: Synopsis of the 2023 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the What research says about nightmare treatment guide
Guideline authors’ synopsis of the 2023 VA/DoD recommendations for PTSD.
Languages in dreams: A diary study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Languages in dreams guide
Questionnaire and diary study of multilingual dream reports.
Linguistic Phenomena and Language Selection in the REM Dreams of German-English Bilinguals
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Languages in dreams guide
Original publisher abstract only; small German-English laboratory comparison. Complete article unavailable; language selection and reported appropriateness, not independent proficiency testing.
A replication of the 5-7 day dream-lag effect with comparison of dreams to future events as control for baseline matching
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Yesterday, last week and the dream you remember guide
Diary study with later-event comparisons as controls; abstract consulted.
Assessing the dream-lag effect for REM and NREM stage 2 dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Yesterday, last week and the dream you remember guide
Laboratory comparison of REM and N2 dream reports; abstract consulted.
The nature of delayed dream incorporation ('dream-lag effect'): Personally significant events persist, but not major daily activities or concerns
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Yesterday, last week and the dream you remember guide
Diary findings depended on event category and the analysed subgroup.
Coding Rules for the Hall/Van de Castle System of Quantitative Dream Content Analysis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the How to use a dream dictionary thoughtfully guide
Rules for describing and coding reported content, rather than interpreting meaning.
Arnulf et al. (2017) — What Does the Sleeping Brain Say? Syntax and Semantics of Sleep Talking
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep talking: words, sounds and remembered dreams guide
Complete main article consulted through a public author-linked transcription; predominantly clinical sample. Supplementary recordings were not reviewed.
Mangiaruga et al. (2022) — Sleep talking versus sleep moaning
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep talking: words, sounds and remembered dreams guide
Small EEG comparison of verbal and nonverbal events. Abstract consulted.
Pérusse et al. (2016) — REM dream activity of insomnia sufferers: a systematic comparison with good sleepers
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Insomnia and dream recall guide
Original abstract and selected publisher excerpts only. Small comparison with prompted REM awakenings; a non-significant recall difference does not establish equivalence or a diagnostic test.
Benz et al. (2020) — Dreaming and Insomnia: Link between Physiological REM Parameters and Mentation Characteristics
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Insomnia and dream recall guide
EEG analysis in participants reporting REM experience. Full text consulted.
NHS — Insomnia: causes and seeking care
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Insomnia and dream recall guide
Current public guidance on sleep difficulties and seeking care.
In the Exercise and sleep guide
Official guidance on persistent sleep problems and seeking help.
In the Sleep in later life guide
Official causes and help guidance read. Persistent difficulty and daily impact justify discussion; no medication regimen is reproduced.
Royal College of Anaesthetists — You and your anaesthetic
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dream reports after anaesthesia and sedation guide
Official distinctions between anaesthesia techniques and sedation.
Cascella et al. (2017) — Anesthetic dreaming, anesthesia awareness and patient satisfaction after deep sedation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dream reports after anaesthesia and sedation guide
Small procedure-specific cohort with repeated interviews. Abstract consulted.
Royal College of Anaesthetists — Accidental awareness
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dream reports after anaesthesia and sedation guide
Official guidance on distinguishing experiences and discussing concerns.
Arnedt et al. (2011) — Sleep following alcohol intoxication in healthy, young adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Alcohol, cannabis, nicotine and dream research guide
Placebo comparison measuring sleep and sleepiness. Abstract consulted.
Lee et al. (2014) — Cannabis Withdrawal in Chronic, Frequent Cannabis Smokers during Sustained Abstinence
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Alcohol, cannabis, nicotine and dream research guide
Residential symptom follow-up with substantial attrition. Full text consulted.
Page et al. (2006) — The effect of transdermal nicotine patches on sleep and dreams
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Alcohol, cannabis, nicotine and dream research guide
Small repeated-measures patch comparison; original methods, results and limitations inspected.
NHS — Postnatal depression
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams after giving birth guide
Current guidance on persistent symptoms and seeking support.
NHS — Postpartum psychosis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams after giving birth guide
Urgent-care guidance for concerning waking symptoms, separate from dreams.
Evidence for an emotional adaptive function of dreams: a cross-cultural study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Culture and dream research guide
Cross-cultural content analysis; methods and comparison limits.
Dream characteristics in a Brazilian sample: an online survey focusing on lucid dreaming
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Culture and dream research guide
Original online survey and recruitment methods.
In the First-person and observer perspectives in dreams guide
Survey wording combines perspective and participation.
Dream bizarreness and the activation-synthesis hypothesis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Understanding dream bizarreness guide
Original abstract only; descriptive categories and a proposed REM-related explanation. Complete paper unavailable; categories do not validate an individual neural explanation.
Bizarreness in dreams and fantasies: Implications for the activation-synthesis hypothesis
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Understanding dream bizarreness guide
Original methods, results and discussion checked; selected home reports from 12 adult students, without physiological sleep-stage confirmation.
Bizarreness of Lucid and Non-lucid Dream: Effects of Metacognition
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Understanding dream bizarreness guide
Recent-report study with independent content coding.
Observer Dreams: Criteria and Frequency
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the First-person and observer perspectives in dreams guide
Proposed criteria applied to historical dream reports.
Penile blood flow and musculovascular events during sleep-related erections of middle-aged men
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sexual dreams and nocturnal responses guide
Original abstract only. Small selected adult physiology study; no inference about dream narrative, desire, identity, consent or an individual diagnostic threshold.
Patterns of female sexual arousal during sleep and waking: Vaginal thermo-conductance studies
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sexual dreams and nocturnal responses guide
Original small physiological study with a selectively recruited adult sample; preliminary dream-content associations do not establish symbolic meanings.
Puberty — Wirral Community Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sexual dreams and nocturnal responses guide
Public information on bodily changes and wet dreams.
Consent — Devon Sexual Health
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sexual dreams and nocturnal responses guide
Official sexual-health explanation of voluntary agreement and capacity.
Evaluating the Relationship Between Emotion Regulation, Mood and Distressing Dreams Using Daily Sleep Diary Reports in Trauma Survivors
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Stress, emotion and dream reports guide
Observational app study in trauma-exposed adults with recurrent nightmares; original Methods and Results inspected.
Predicting the affective tone of everyday dreams: A prospective study of state and trait variables
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Stress, emotion and dream reports guide
Prospective diary study; full paper consulted, including its null stress result.
Trait and state predictors of the intensity of emotions experienced in everyday dreams: a multilevel approach
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Stress, emotion and dream reports guide
Original Methods, multilevel Results and limitations: repeated reports from 130 selected young frequent recallers; associations with emotional intensity, not causal or individual predictions.
Music topics in a long dream series
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Music and melodies in dreams guide
One person's long dream series; archived original methods, results and discussion checked.
Bedtime Music, Involuntary Musical Imagery, and Sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Music and melodies in dreams guide
Survey and laboratory experiment; original abstract and indexed original Methods and Results checked. The earworm-frequency comparison narrowly missed the study’s significance threshold (p = .051).
Ratings of accuracy and insight following dream interpretation by ChatGPT
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the AI dream interpretation and its limits guide
Published study of subjective ratings; full paper consulted.
Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the AI dream interpretation and its limits guide
NIST guidance on confabulation, fabricated reasoning and citations.
ChatGPT and large language models: what's the risk?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the AI dream interpretation and its limits guide
Official security guidance on sensitive prompts and provider terms.
NHS — Sleep apnoea
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the When to discuss dreams with a clinician guide
Observed breathing signs, daytime effects and clinical testing.
In the Waking during the night guide
Current official symptom and assessment guidance; actual breathing signs are distinct from dream imagery.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine — Scoring for Sleep Stage
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep stages and cycles guide
Official scoring-interface instructions inspected for the W, N1, N2, N3 and R labels. This is not a full review of the proprietary scoring manual.
Nasiri et al. (2023) — Exploiting labels from multiple experts in automated sleep scoring
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep stages and cycles guide
Journal commentary opening paragraphs inspected for epoch scoring, expert disagreement and the continuous biological changes represented by discrete categories. No model-performance result is used here.
Feinberg and Floyd (1979) — Systematic Trends Across the Night in Human Sleep Cycles
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep stages and cycles guide
Original abstract only: definitions and changing cycle durations across the night in the comparison groups. Full methods and individual cycle ranges were not inspected.
Ohayon et al. (2004) — Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters across the lifespan
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep stages and cycles guide
Original meta-analysis abstract only: age associations and the influence of participant screening. Descriptive sleep measurements do not establish individual sleep requirements.
In the How much sleep do adults need? guide
Original abstract only: age associations in recorded sleep and the influence of health screening. Observed duration is not a trial of individual sleep requirements.
Chinoy et al. (2022) — Performance of Four Commercial Wearable Sleep-Tracking Devices Tested at Home
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep stages and cycles guide
Original abstract only: 21 healthy young adults, one week at home, mobile EEG headband reference and variable stage tracking. Not a current product ranking or a clinical validation of every wearable.
Watson et al. (2015) — AASM/SRS Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the How much sleep do adults need? guide
Complete two-page original consensus statement inspected: ages 18–60, minimum regular duration, other dimensions of healthy sleep and qualified discussion of more than nine hours. Population guidance, not an individual diagnostic threshold.
CDC — About Sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the How much sleep do adults need? guide
Official public guidance inspected: adult age bands, quality, regular sleep difficulties and diary discussion. The table cites different consensus sources for different ages.
In the Body clock and sleep pressure guide
Official public guidance inspected for discussing regular sleep difficulties. Does not validate the article's illustrative curves as individual measurements or a treatment programme.
In the A comfortable sleep environment guide
Official overview of sleep habits and seeking advice for regular sleep problems; not evidence for a perfect bedroom or a particular product.
In the Sleep routines that fit real life guide
Official general advice on consistent sleep timing and discussion of regular sleep problems; not evidence for the illustrative routines.
In the Sleep trackers and their limits guide
Official guidance on discussing regular sleep problems and the possible use of a sleep diary; no requirement to own a device.
Van Dongen et al. (2003) — The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the How much sleep do adults need? guide
Original abstract only: laboratory sleep restriction, participant age range, assigned time in bed and differing performance and subjective-sleepiness responses. Full methods and the listed erratum were not inspected; no exact effect size or personal threshold is used.
Watson et al. (2015) — AASM/SRS adult sleep-duration consensus: Methodology and Discussion
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the How much sleep do adults need? guide
Targeted original consensus discussion inspected: section 3.6 Human Performance, especially page 937, corroborates the distinction between subjective sleepiness and accumulating performance deficits. This is an evidence synthesis, not a fresh full-text reading of every underlying experiment.
NHLBI — How Sleep Works: Your Sleep/Wake Cycle
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Body clock and sleep pressure guide
Official public overview inspected, especially Your body's need for sleep. Supports basic sleep pressure and adenosine context, not an individual chemical measurement.
Borbély et al. (2016) — The two-process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Body clock and sleep pressure guide
Original model authors' reappraisal: pages 132–133 inspected for definitions, physiological markers, tests and interactions. Targeted full-text reading, not a claim to have read the unavailable 1982 paper.
Lazar et al. (2015) — Circadian regulation of slow waves in human sleep: Topographical aspects
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Body clock and sleep pressure guide
Original abstract, recruitment, laboratory protocol, circadian-phase method and discussion inspected. 34 analysed participants and 231 sleep periods; selected healthy sample, not shift workers or a treatment trial.
Dijk (2026) — Human data at odds and in confirmation of the two-process model of sleep regulation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Body clock and sleep pressure guide
Researcher's perspective inspected, especially scope, circadian sleep/wake propensity and concluding remarks. Supports the evening wake-maintenance explanation and model limits; a perspective on experiments, not a new clinical trial.
CDC/NIOSH — Sleep Inertia: Training for Nurses on Shift Work and Long Work Hours
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep inertia guide
Official occupational guidance on post-waking grogginess and allowing time before critical tasks; not an individual recovery deadline.
Ruby et al. (2024) — From physiological awakening to pathological sleep inertia
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep inertia guide
Review abstract, introduction and indexed section excerpts inspected; variability and functional impact. Complete review unavailable.
Scheer et al. (2008) — An endogenous circadian rhythm in sleep inertia
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep inertia guide
Original laboratory methods and results: selected adult sample, circadian phase and addition-task performance.
McHill et al. (2019) — Chronic sleep restriction greatly magnifies performance decrements immediately after awakening
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep inertia guide
Original abstract plus indexed results and discussion inspected; performance versus reported sleepiness under laboratory restriction. Not a full-paper audit.
Hilditch & McHill (2019) — Sleep inertia: current insights
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep inertia guide
Indexed review sections on duration, sleep stage, sleep history and countermeasures inspected; direct full-text access failed.
NHTSA — Drowsy Driving
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep inertia guide
Official alert-driving guidance and limits of caffeine when sleep deprived; no fixed clearance time after waking.
In the Sleep debt and catch-up sleep guide
Driving-alertness and short-term-intervention cautions inspected. Caffeine is not a guarantee of safety; no driving-fitness test is supplied.
In the Jet lag and sleep guide
Driving-alertness guidance inspected. A travel schedule does not establish that someone is safe to drive.
In the Napping and nighttime sleep guide
Official guidance about drowsy driving.
In the Waking during the night guide
Official guidance about drowsy driving.
In the Sleepiness and fatigue guide
Official guidance about drowsy driving.
Carney et al. (2012) — The Consensus Sleep Diary: Standardizing Prospective Sleep Self-Monitoring
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Keeping a sleep diary guide
Author-hosted original paper: development, Core instructions and discussion inspected. Supports estimated timing and recording distinctions; the example here is a separate editorial format.
Gardiner et al. (2025 issue; online 2024) — Dose and timing effects of caffeine on subsequent sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Caffeine and sleep guide
Publisher main-paper methods, results and limitations inspected; supplements not audited.
Drake et al. (2013) — Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Caffeine and sleep guide
Indexed original methods, results and discussion inspected; direct access failed.
FDA — Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine Is Too Much?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Caffeine and sleep guide
Official advice on products, sensitivity, reduction and individual circumstances.
Messineo et al. (2017) — Broadband Sound Administration Improves Sleep Onset Latency in Healthy Subjects in a Model of Transient Insomnia
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the A comfortable sleep environment guide
Original methods, results, limitations and disclosures inspected. Eighteen healthy adults, experimentally earlier bedtime; manufacturer funding and consultancy relationships. Not a chronic-insomnia treatment trial.
Basner et al. (2026) — Efficacy of pink noise and earplugs for mitigating the effects of intermittent environmental noise exposure on sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the A comfortable sleep environment guide
Original paper consulted via the US National Transportation Library. Relevant methods, sleep-structure results, limitations and disclosures inspected; a short laboratory study in healthy adults, not proof of long-term harm or universal benefit.
Baniassadi et al. (2023) — Nighttime Ambient Temperature and Sleep in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the A comfortable sleep environment guide
Indexed original methods, Table 1, results and limitations inspected; direct full-text access was blocked. Home observations in 50 older adults using wearable sleep estimates; no universal temperature prescription.
Windred et al. (2024) — Sleep regularity is a stronger predictor of mortality risk than sleep duration: A prospective cohort study
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep routines that fit real life guide
Original methods, participant table, relevant results, limitations and disclosures inspected. Observational UK Biobank analysis with one week of accelerometry; no trial of a strict routine and no individual risk prediction.
Edinger et al. (2021) — AASM behavioural and psychological treatment guideline
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep routines that fit real life guide
Original guideline methods, recommendations 1 and 6, treatment table, discussion and disclosures inspected. Distinguishes multicomponent CBT-I from sleep hygiene alone; not an individual treatment protocol.
In the CBT-I explained guide
Indexed original methods, recommendations and discussion inspected; direct access challenged. No complete continuous paper reading.
Schyvens et al. (2025) — A performance validation of six commercial wrist-worn wearable sleep-tracking devices compared to polysomnography
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep trackers and their limits guide
Original methods, missing-data and agreement tables, limitations and disclosures inspected. Single laboratory night; 62 participants did not yield 62 recordings for every device. Conflicting numerical descriptions were not reused as accuracy claims.
Kainec et al. (2024) — Evaluating Accuracy in Five Commercial Sleep-Tracking Devices Compared to Research-Grade Actigraphy and Polysomnography
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep trackers and their limits guide
Original methods, results tables, limitations and disclosures inspected. Fifty-three recruits, three short-sleep exclusions and device failures; summary comparisons without time-aligned interval data.
de Zambotti et al. (2024) — State of the science and recommendations for using wearable technology in sleep and circadian research
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep trackers and their limits guide
Indexed original full-text passages on sensors, stage estimates, aggregate scores, algorithm updates and disclosures inspected; complete continuous paper reading was unavailable. Research recommendations, not certification of every product.
US FDA (2024) — Sleep Apnea Notification Feature, K240929
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep trackers and their limits guide
Clearance letter and indication wording inspected. Feature-specific US authorisation; no notification is not evidence of absence, and the feature is not a diagnosis or treatment.
US FDA (2026) — Sleep Apnea Feature v2.0, K261011
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep trackers and their limits guide
July 2026 clearance and indications inspected. Specific risk-assessment feature and intended users; no claim that a general sleep score is medically authorised.
Chang et al. (2015) — Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Light, screens and sleep guide
Indexed original results, reading protocol and limitations inspected. Twelve selected adults; direct PMC and publisher page access failed. Colour and intensity were not isolated.
Duraccio et al. (2021) — Does iPhone Night Shift mitigate negative effects of smartphone use on sleep outcomes in emerging adults?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Light, screens and sleep guide
Original PDF methods, main results, exploratory analyses and limitations inspected. Selected young adults; no overall group difference, with adherence and measurement limits.
Cochrane (2023) — Blue-light filtering spectacle lenses: evidence summary
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Light, screens and sleep guide
Public summary and full abstract inspected, not the complete review. Sleep findings were inconsistent and very uncertain; searches ended in March 2022.
Roenneberg, Wirz-Justice and Merrow (2003) — Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Chronotypes and sleep timing guide
Original methods, age-group table and conclusions inspected. Questionnaire pilot; selected volunteers, no shift workers and no individual lifelong trajectory.
Wittmann et al. (2006) — Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Chronotypes and sleep timing guide
Original abstract inspected. A 501-volunteer questionnaire study; associations do not establish effects of changing a schedule.
NHLBI — Circadian Rhythm Disorders: Types
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Chronotypes and sleep timing guide
Official descriptions of advanced and delayed patterns and the distinction between social jet lag and a disorder inspected.
In the Shift work and daytime sleep guide
Shift-work disorder subsection inspected. Provides symptom context, not a diagnosis from occupation or a rota.
NHLBI — What Are Circadian Rhythm Disorders?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Chronotypes and sleep timing guide
Official overview inspected for daily impairment and individual assessment. A preference questionnaire is not a diagnostic examination.
NHLBI — Circadian Rhythm Disorders: Age and timing
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Chronotypes and sleep timing guide
Official Age subsection inspected. Broad age-related timing patterns, not an individual developmental schedule.
Banks et al. (2010) — Neurobehavioral dynamics following chronic sleep restriction
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep debt and catch-up sleep guide
Original PDF recruitment, protocol and recovery discussion inspected via an accessible copy. Selected adults; outcome-specific findings, not a repayment schedule.
Depner et al. (2019) — Weekend recovery sleep and recurrent insufficient sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep debt and catch-up sleep guide
Abstract and figure descriptions inspected; full paper unavailable in this pass. Short laboratory metabolic findings, not individual disease predictions.
Åkerstedt et al. (2019) — Sleep duration and mortality: Does weekend sleep matter?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep debt and catch-up sleep guide
Indexed original methods and results inspected. Baseline self-reported sleep and register follow-up; 38,015 included after exclusions, with observational limits.
CDC Yellow Book 2026 — Jet Lag Disorder
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Jet lag and sleep guide
Clinical chapter's definitions, timing strategies and medicine cautions inspected. Individual routes differ; its schedules and doses are not reproduced here.
NHS — Jet lag
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Jet lag and sleep guide
Public guidance inspected, including short trips, naps and melatonin. Differences from CDC guidance are retained; UK recommendations are identified as such.
NCCIH — Melatonin: What You Need To Know
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Jet lag and sleep guide
Official safety and interaction sections inspected. Provides context for a professional discussion, not a personalised travel regimen.
In the Sleep aids and supplement claims guide
Selected safety sections read. Older insomnia guidance and chronicity wording on this page are not adopted here.
NIOSH — Fatigue and Work
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Shift work and daytime sleep guide
Official overview, updated July 2026, inspected. Supports shared worker/employer prevention and multiple fatigue contributors, not a legal compliance judgement.
NIOSH nurse training — Why is night shift so difficult?
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Shift work and daytime sleep guide
Complete short module text inspected. Nurse-training context for timing, sleep opportunity and social demands; no universal shift plan.
NIOSH nurse training — Communicate times you need to sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Shift work and daytime sleep guide
Complete short module text inspected. Supports communicating daytime sleep needs; the Pat example is an original illustration.
NIOSH nurse training — Sleep after night shifts
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Shift work and daytime sleep guide
Complete short module text inspected. Uses room and interruption guidance without reproducing its fixed timing instructions.
Scott et al. (2007) — The relationship between nurse work schedules, sleep duration, and drowsy driving
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Shift work and daytime sleep guide
Original abstract inspected. Four-week self-reported logbooks from hospital nurses; observational associations, not causal or individual risk estimates.
NIOSH nurse training — Light
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Shift work and daytime sleep guide
Complete short module text inspected, especially the drowsy-driving warning. No individual light-exposure regimen is supplied.
NIOSH nurse training — Coping with night and evening shifts
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Shift work and daytime sleep guide
Complete module introduction inspected. Explicit limitation concerning rotating shifts and advice to seek specialist guidance when adjustment is difficult.
Ding et al. (2022) — A meta-analysis of the first-night effect in healthy individuals for the full age spectrum
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the The first-night effect guide
Original abstract and indexed publisher introduction and section excerpts inspected; pooled recording-night comparisons, not an individual travel forecast.
Tamaki et al. (2016) — Night Watch in One Brain Hemisphere during Sleep Associated with the First-Night Effect in Humans
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the The first-night effect guide
Original indexed summary, methods and results inspected; regional findings, with the protective mechanism interpreted rather than directly proven. Supplement not reviewed.
The first-night effect of sleep occurs over nonconsecutive nights in unfamiliar and familiar environments (2024)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the The first-night effect guide
Indexed original methods, results and limitations inspected; selected samples, recording context and uncorrected comparisons constrain generalisation. Complete-paper access failed.
Leong et al. (2023) — Influence of mid-afternoon nap duration and sleep parameters on memory encoding, mood, processing speed, and vigilance
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Napping and nighttime sleep guide
Original participant, design, results and limitation sections inspected; no following-night measurement or universal best-duration finding.
Dautovich et al. (2008) — Subjective and objective napping and sleep in older adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Napping and nighttime sleep guide
Indexed original methods, results and discussion inspected. Community sample and observational design; no causal benefit from evening naps established.
Short Daytime Naps Briefly Attenuate Objectively Measured Sleepiness Under Chronic Sleep Restriction (2017)
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Napping and nighttime sleep guide
Indexed original methods and results inspected; small groups recruited in different periods and temporary measured benefits.
Reid et al. (2010) — Aerobic exercise improves self-reported sleep and quality of life in older adults with insomnia
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Exercise and sleep guide
Original abstract inspected. Small, mostly female older sample; combined intervention and self-reported outcomes. Full text not retrieved.
Saidi et al. (2020) — Effects of timing of moderate exercise in the evening on sleep and subsequent dietary intake
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Exercise and sleep guide
Original abstract inspected; 16-person randomised crossover study, moderate exercise and activity-monitor sleep estimates.
Leota et al. (2025) — Dose-response relationship between evening exercise and sleep
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Exercise and sleep guide
Original full-text methods, results, limitations and disclosures inspected; selected wearable cohort, observational associations and commercial affiliations.
MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia — Fatigue
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleepiness and fatigue guide
Officially hosted clinical reference: fatigue versus drowsiness and discussing medicine changes with a clinician.
NHS — Tiredness and fatigue
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleepiness and fatigue guide
Official care guidance for persistent unexplained fatigue or effects on daily life; not a diagnostic symptom score.
Kapur et al. (2017) — AASM diagnostic testing guideline for adult obstructive sleep apnoea
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the What happens in a sleep study? guide
Original recommendation table inspected. Selected adult diagnostic pathway, not universal home screening.
Krahn et al. (2021) — AASM protocols for MSLT and MWT in adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the What happens in a sleep study? guide
Original abstract and protocol introduction inspected. Test purposes and clinician-led preparation; complete protocol not read.
AASM — Patient guide to behavioural and psychological insomnia treatments
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the CBT-I explained guide
Both pages read. Treatment versus habits and discussion of access; not certification of any app.
In the Sleep in later life guide
Both pages of the official patient guide read; original guideline recommendations also checked. Individual conditions and access matter.
AASM (2026) — Combination treatment for chronic insomnia disorder in adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the CBT-I explained guide
Indexed original recommendation and introduction inspected. Low-certainty comparison of simultaneous treatment, not prescription withdrawal advice.
NHS — Restless legs syndrome
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Restless legs and sleep guide
Official page read; reviewed September 2025. Symptoms, context and when to discuss their impact.
NINDS — Restless legs syndrome information booklet
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Restless legs and sleep guide
Indexed original diagnosis passage inspected; direct PDF returned 403. No complete booklet reading or treatment advice inferred.
Winkelman et al. (2025) — AASM RLS and periodic limb movement disorder guideline
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Restless legs and sleep guide
Original recommendations, introduction, methods and selected discussion inspected. Iron consensus and augmentation limits retained; no full-paper reading claimed.
Verhoeff et al. (2025) — Updating the Bruxism Definitions
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Teeth grinding during sleep guide
Original glossary and selected consensus discussion inspected. Updated definitions and consequences; not a treatment trial.
Lobbezoo et al. (2018) — International consensus on the assessment of bruxism
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Teeth grinding during sleep guide
Indexed original assessment passages inspected. Historical wear and nonspecific signs; older terminology superseded in 2025.
NHS — Symptoms of menopause and perimenopause
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep during menopause guide
Official page read; reviewed May 2026. Variation, sleep symptoms and seeking individual advice.
Kravitz et al. (2008) — Sleep disturbance during the menopausal transition in SWAN
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep during menopause guide
Original abstract only. Longitudinal self-reported associations, not individual causation or treatment effects.
NICE NG23 — Menopause: identification and management, recommendation 1.5.24
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep during menopause guide
Indexed official sleep recommendation inspected. It is labelled 2024 within NG23, whose main update date is 15 April 2026.
McCurry et al. (2016) — Telephone CBT-I in the MsFLASH randomised trial
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep during menopause guide
Original methods, results, limitations and disclosures inspected. Selected population, self-reported outcomes and incomplete follow-up; no medication comparison.
Paruthi et al. (2016) — AASM paediatric sleep-duration consensus: methods and discussion
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep for children and teenagers guide
PDF recommendations and limitations inspected.
CDC — Sleep and Health: school schedules and family support
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep for children and teenagers guide
Official guidance read, reviewed September 2026. US school-policy context and practical family recommendations; no guaranteed individual outcome.
AASM — Melatonin use in children and adolescents: health advisory
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep for children and teenagers guide
Official advisory read. Professional discussion before supplements and safe storage; US regulatory details are not universal.
NHLBI — Sleep apnoea in children
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep for children and teenagers guide
Official symptoms and assessment information read. Observations prompt assessment, not a home diagnosis or treatment plan.
NICE NG201 — Antenatal care: sleep-position recommendations
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep during pregnancy guide
Indexed official recommendations 1.3.25–1.3.26 inspected; direct page access was blocked. Scope is going-to-sleep position after 28 weeks.
NICE NG201 — Rationale and impact: sleep position
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep during pregnancy guide
Indexed committee rationale inspected. Observational uncertainty and the need for reassuring, practical advice accompany the recommendation.
Manber et al. (2019) — Cognitive behavioral therapy for prenatal insomnia: randomised trial
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep during pregnancy guide
Relevant full-text methods, results and limitations checked via Monash University's copy. Earlier blocked PMC access is preserved in the review record.
NHS — Medicines in pregnancy
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep during pregnancy guide
Official guidance read. Check medicines and remedies, and do not stop prescribed treatment without professional advice.
National Institute on Aging — Sleep and older adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep in later life guide
Indexed official sleep-needs and ageing sections inspected; direct access blocked.
CDC — About sleep: duration and daily habits
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep in later life guide
Official age table read. CDC and NIA use different broad ranges; neither is a diagnostic test.
Buysse et al. (2011) — Brief behavioural treatment for insomnia in older adults
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep in later life guide
Original indexed methods and results inspected. Small selected trial; self-report, actigraphy and polysomnography findings differ.
Schredl et al. (2009) — Information processing during sleep: odours, dream content and emotion
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sensory stimulation and dreams guide
Author-uploaded original full-text methods and results inspected; missing conditions and self/external-rating differences retained.
Konkoly et al. (2025) — Presenting sounds during REM sleep to reactivate waking experiences
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sensory stimulation and dreams guide
Original PDF methods and relevant results inspected; sound reports and broad task coding remain distinct.
Salvesen et al. (2024) — Influencing dreams through sensory stimulation: a systematic review
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sensory stimulation and dreams guide
Indexed original methods and discussion inspected after direct-access failures; a research map, not primary verification of every included experiment.
Sletten et al. (2018) — Melatonin with scheduling for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep aids and supplement claims guide
Original participant selection, methods, results and limitations inspected. Selected clinical population; not a general supplement recommendation.
Wade et al. (2010) — Prolonged-release melatonin trial in primary insomnia
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep aids and supplement claims guide
Original design, subgroup analyses, safety passages and disclosures inspected. Historical diagnostic terms describe the trial, not current self-diagnosis criteria.
FDA — Questions and answers on dietary supplements
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep aids and supplement claims guide
Current official regulatory and professional-discussion sections read. United States context only.
European Medicines Agency — Prolonged-release melatonin medicine assessment and indication
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Sleep aids and supplement claims guide
Official EU indication and prescription status inspected, including the linked product information. Authorisation is specific to that medicine.
Lacaux et al. (2021) — Sleep onset is a creative sweet spot
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams, creativity and problem solving guide
Original paper's methods and results inspected through an archived PDF; observed groups and task-specific outcome.
Löwe et al. (2025) — N2 sleep and insight in a perceptual task
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams, creativity and problem solving guide
Original methods, results and discussion inspected; conceptual comparison using a different task.
Sanders et al. (2019) — Targeted memory reactivation during sleep and next-day problem solving
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams, creativity and problem solving guide
Indexed original methods, exclusions and discussion inspected; within-person cueing comparison, not demonstrated dream causation.
2020 corrigendum to Sanders et al. — Figure 2
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams, creativity and problem solving guide
Original indexed correction text and caption inspected; individual plotted points corrected.
Beijamini et al. (2021) — Sleep facilitates problem solving with no additional gain through targeted memory reactivation
Link to this sourceWhat this source supports & its limits
In the Dreams, creativity and problem solving guide
Original methods, group counts, results and exploratory-comparison limits inspected; different task and design from Sanders et al.